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This week in The Space Review… Turning a corner on MarsFor decades, scientists have sought to bring back samples from Mars for study in terrestrial labs. Van Kane and Pat Nealon describe how those efforts are now picking up momentum with a series of missions that could return Martian samples within a little more than a decade. Macron’s Space Force: Why now?Last month, French government officials, including President Emmanuel Macron, outlined plans to take a more active military space role, including its own space force. Taylor Dinerman examines why France is taking the lead on such efforts among its European allies. An “operationally ready” spaceportVirgin Galactic took another step closer to commercial operations last week not with another test flight of SpaceShipTwo but instead updates to Spaceport America in New Mexico. Jeff Foust reports on the significance of what might seem to be a trivial milestone. The future of commercial space transportationToday, the term “commercial space transportation” usually refers to rockets for placing payloads into orbit. Dallas Bienhoff describes how that will soon expand to in-space transportation services, either in orbit around the Earth or for missions to the Moon. Review: Heroes of the Space AgeAs the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 fades, so does the generation that made that mission possible. Jeff Foust reviews a book that profiles some of the “heroes” of the early years of human spaceflight. Previous articles:Solar sailing, at long lastThe Planetary Society announced last week that its LightSail 2 mission successfully changed its orbit using a solar sail. Jeff Foust reports on the accomplishment and the long path that led up to it. China’s grand strategy in outer space: to establish compelling standards of behaviorChina’s growing space activities have generated debate about what the country’s real goals are with those efforts. Namrata Goswami describes how those efforts are part of a grand strategy to make China the leader in setting standards of behavior in space. The International Lunar Decade: A strategy for sustainable developmentWhile there is growing interest in making use of lunar resources, the viability of those efforts is uncertain because of the lack of information about those resources. Vidvuds Beldavs describes how a coordinated effort modeled on the International Geophysical Year can help strengthen the case for using those resources in space or on Earth. The role of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in supporting space property rightsLegal experts have debated if the Outer Space Treaty restricts the ability of private entities to claim property rights on celestial bodies. Wes Faires argues that it can, when considered through the perspective of another UN document. Review: Origins of 21st-Century Space TravelAs NASA grapples with a new effort to return humans to the Moon, a study of the previous effort to do so can be instructive. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines the development of the Vision for Space Exploration, and the years of behind-the-scenes studies that provided the foundation for it. A new path for space investment?A lot of money has flowed into space startups in recent years, but there have been few exits by companies that were acquired or went public. Jeff Foust reports on Virgin Galactic’s non-traditional approach to raising money and going public, and whether other companies will follow its lead. How space technology benefits the EarthThere are many examples, both well-known and more obscure, of how space applications provide benefits, and produce profits, on Earth. Jeff Greenblatt and Al Anzaldua outline both those existing applications and those that may emerge in the near and long term. The Apollo 11 50th anniversary at EAA AirVentureOne of the final commemorations of the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 took place last week at the EAA AirVenture show. Eric Hedman provides an overview of how Mike Collins and others in attendance reflected on the mission. Apollo as viewed from a jungleWhen Apollo 11 returned to Earth 50 years ago this month, one young boy listened to the spacecraft’s return in a remote part of India. Ajay Kothari describes how that inspired him to pursue a career in aerospace, and how it can be an inspiration again for a return to the Moon. Review: Escape from EarthSome of the key figures in the early days of rocketry have largely faded from the popular histories of the era. Jeff Foust reviews a book about one such person who was a cofounder of both Aerojet and JPL. And now, the next 50 yearsAs the Apollo 11 anniversary celebrations come to an end, some wonder when we will go back to the Moon. Jeff Foust notes that popular interest in Apollo today doesn’t necessarily translate into support for a return to the Moon or other human space exploration programs. The big white bird: the flights of Helo 66When many of the Apollo missions returned to Earth, the astronauts were recovered by the same helicopter. Dwayne Day tells the story of Helo 66 and its unfortunate fate. Is ISRO’s “cryogenic curse” finally over?On Monday, India successfully launched the Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission on its GSLV Mark III rocket. Ajey Lele says the launch suggests India has mastered the cryogenic engine technology it had struggled with for decades. Why the Space Corps needs to use naval rankMost concepts for a separate Space Force or Space Corps assume that the new military branch will use the same rank structure as the US Air Force. Brent Ziarnick makes the case for naval ranks to help ensure a Space Corps takes on a different culture and mindset from the Air Force. Advancing the jurisdiction of the US federal court system to address disputes between private space actorsThe emerging commercial space industry brings with it potential for new disputes that could be difficult for current legal systems to handle. Michael Listner offers a proposal for how US federal courts could deal with cases involving companies from different countries. Review: Reaching for the MoonAs the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 winds down, so do the books about that mission and the early Space Age. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers a concise and thoughtful history of that era of spaceflight. An exploration shakeupAs NASA and the nation prepares to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11, the agency got caught up last week in issues involving its effort to return humans to the Moon. Jeff Foust reports on the shakeup that led NASA to reassign two top officials in its human spaceflight program. The NASA-Vatican relationship models a bridge between science and religionScience and religion can often seem diametrically opposed to each other. Deana Weibel describes how NASA’s long-running relationship with the Vatican Observatory, one dating back to Apollo, can show how the two can work together instead. When a chimpanzee landed on the Moon: the saga of Boris (part 2)Last week, Dwayne Day explained how a tall tale he created about a mythical Soviet program to send chimpanzees to the Moon took on a life of its own on the Internet. This week, the story itself. Fifty books about the Moon (which aren’t about Apollo)While there’s an avalanche of new books about Apollo and the Moon, many others written years or decades ago are still excellent guides to the Moon. Ken Murphy offers his list of books about the Moon, and not necessarily Apollo, that have stood the test of time. Review: Eight Years to the MoonThe story of Apollo is usually told through the lens of its most famous figures, from astronauts to politicians. Jeff Foust reviews a book that instead examines Apollo from the perspective of those working behind the scenes. One small leap for OrionNASA launched an Orion spacecraft last week, and it returned to Earth minutes later, just like the agency planned. Jeff Foust reports on the test of Orion’s abort system that took the spacecraft a step closer to flying people. The first future MOLSome in the US Air Force had plans in the 1960s for military space stations beyond the original Manned Orbiting Laboratory concept. John Charles examines how some of those proposals were depicted in art. When a chimpanzee landed on the Moon: the saga of Boris (part 1)No, the Soviets didn’t land a chimpanzee on the Moon, but it can be fun to craft such a tale as a clever inside joke. Dwayne Day describes what happens when that story takes on a life of its own on the Internet. Apollo 11’s greatest hits and misses: a short reader’s guideIn the decades since Apollo 11, hundreds of books have been published about the mission and the overall race to the Moon. Thomas Frieling looks at some of the books that have stood the test of time, and a couple that haven’t. Review: Chasing the MoonCommemorations of the Apollo 11 50th anniversary are also appearing on television in the form of a number of documentaries. Jeff Foust reviews a companion book to one of the more ambitious documentaries that focuses more on personalities and policies than science and technology. Top Secret DAMON: the classified reconnaissance payload planned for the fourth space shuttle missionThe NRO built a reconnaissance payload for the Space Shuttle that would have been on STS-4, but the program was cancelled before it flew. Dwayne Day provides new insights on that program and why it was grounded. Déjà vu or sea change? Comparing two generations of large satellite constellation proposalsThe “megaconstellations” of communications satellites under development by Amazon, OneWeb, SpaceX, and others come two decades after previous efforts to develop networks of communications satellites in low Earth orbit ran into financial difficulties. Stephen J. Garber and James A. Vedda compare the two generations to see if history will repeat itself. The Eagle has crashed: the top secret UPWARD program and Apollo disastersDuring planning for the Apollo landings, NASA turned to the NRO to develop a camera system based on reconnaissance satellites for mapping the Moon, including investigating any landing accidents. Dwayne Day examines what is known about the proposed system based on recently declassified information. Astronomers and ApolloIt took tens of thousands of engineers, technicians, and others to get astronauts to the surface of the Moon 50 years ago. Jeff Foust describes how a few astronomers and other scientists also contributed, in some cases literally guiding the way. Why the next Space Policy Directive needs to be to the Secretary of EnergyThe first four space policy directives from the Trump Administration have dealt with everything from returning humans to the Moon to establishing a Space Force. Peter Garretson argues the next should deal with making use of the energy resources of space. Reviews: Apollo 11 in graphic detailAs its 50th anniversary approaches, the Apollo 11 mission is being retold in a variety of media. Jeff Foust reviews two graphic novels that recount the mission, and the history of the Space Age, in a mix of text and illustrations. Waiting for the future for 15 yearsLast Friday marked the 15th anniversary of the first flight to space by SpaceShipOne, a mission that was supposed to open a new era in commercial human spaceflight. Jeff Foust digs into some video archives to examine the predictions from that time to what's happening today. Going big: catching a Saturn V first stage with a helicopterA helicopter company proposed to NASA during the height of the Apollo program to develop a giant helicopter that could not only ferry Saturn V first stages, but also retrieve them in midair. Dwayne Day explores a concept that bordered on the insane. How low can launch costs go?Some recent analyses have suggested the absolute floor for launching people into orbit could be quite low. Sam Dinkin reviews that work and remembers that launch costs are not the same as launch prices. Inside the mind of the visionary who pioneered wireless power transmissionWilliam C. Brown was one of the pioneers of wireless power transmission, an essential technology is space-based solar power is ever to become a reality. Paul Jaffe examines the insights offered by Brown’s journals. Review: One Giant LeapWhether you consider Apollo a success or a failure depends on how you define the short- and long-term goals of the program. Jeff Foust reviews a book that attempts to review Apollo’s accomplishments from another perspective. A new accounting for Apollo: how much did it really cost?As NASA embarks on another effort to return humans to the Moon, it’s worth reexamining how much it cost to get them there the first time, 50 years ago. Casey Dreier presents a new detailed analysis of those costs, which approach $300 billion in tolday’s dollars. Doomed from the start: The Manned Orbiting Laboratory and the search for a military role for astronautsFifty years ago this month, President Nixon formally cancelled the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program. Dwayne Day notes that, years earlier, an unknown Air Force officer predicted the program’s fate. Streamlining the space industry’s regulatory streamliningThrough a series of space policy directives, the Trump Administration has called for reforms of commercial space regulations, from launch to remote sensing. Jeff Foust reports that many in industry are finding that this regulatory streamlining isn’t working out quite as they expected. Icarus falling: Apollo nukes an asteroidLong before Deep Impact and Armageddon, an MIT class in the 1960s examined how it could deflect a threatening asteroid. Dwayne Day examines how the concept leveraged the Saturn V and other Apollo-era technologies. For All Mankind provides a look into a different space raceA new drama for Apple’s upcoming streaming video service is about an alternative history regarding the race to the Moon. Mark Whittington wonders if it will capture viewers’ interest. Review: Gravity’s CenturyOne hundred years ago, astronomers observed a solar eclipse that provided them with evidence confirming Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines the development of general relativity, and its effect on astrophysics in the century since that famous eclipse. NASA tries to commercialize the ISS, againLast week NASA announced a new initiative to stimulate further commercial use of the International Space Station and separate commercial platforms in low Earth orbit. Jeff Foust reports on that effort and how it conjures up memories of a similar effort nearly two decades ago. Dancing in the pale moonlight: CIA monitoring of the Soviet manned lunar programOne of the major questions of the Apollo program is what role CIA intelligence on Soviet efforts played in decisions such as sending Apollo 8 to the Moon. Dwayne Day examines what insights the CIA offered NASA that could have shaped such decisions. Top man on the Saturn VDavid Shomper had a unique role for the Apollo 11 mission that put him atop the Saturn V rocket—literally. Thomas Frieling interviews Shomper on the unique role he played on that mission. Who speaks for the night sky?Ever since SpaceX launched the first Starlink satellites last month, astronomers have raised the alarm about the effect those satellites would have on the night sky. A.J. Mackenzie argues that those astronomers have not done a good job making their case. Review: Moon RushNASA is not the only organization planning missions to the Moon, as there’s growing commercial and international interest. Jeff Foust reviews a book that provides an overview of those plans and the scientific and commercial reasons for doing so. The end of the EgolauncherA news report last week indicated that Stratolaunch may soon cease operations after a single flight of its giant aircraft. That outcome is disappointing, Dwayne Day writes, but also not terribly surprising. Defanging the Wolf AmendmentAn appropriations bill the House will consider later this month retains language that restricts bilateral cooperation between NASA and its Chinese counterparts. Jeff Foust reports that some believe it’s time to revisit that provision to allow for greater civil space cooperation between the countries. A mighty thunderous silence: The Saturn F-1 engine after ApolloLong after the last Saturn V lifted off, NASA and industry examined ways to preserve and even use new versions of the rocket’s F-1 engine. Dwayne Day recounts those efforts that continued up until several years ago. Saving Colonel PruettFifty years ago, the movie Marooned offered one of the more realistic portrayals of spaceflight of that era, depicting an Apollo spacecraft stuck in orbit. John Charles explains how that dilemma could have been avoided, and thus one of the film’s characters could have survived, had they only known about backup procedures. Review: The MoonThis summer, many books will look back on the Apollo program and the original race to the Moon, an some will look ahead. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers a more wide-ranging, and thought-provoking, examination of our past and future on the Moon. Suborbital space tourism nears its make-or-break momentAfter years of delays, both Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic are preparing to start carrying paying customers on suborbital spaceflights starting as soon as later this year. Jeff Foust reports both have made progress but still have work to do before entering commercial service. Secret ApollosAmong the contingency plans developed by NASA for the Apollo program were those where missions had to remain in Earth orbit because of an upper stage malfunction. Dwayne Day describes how NASA’s proposals for alternative work for those missions put it in conflict with the national security community. Crew safety during an early lunar returnAccelerating a return to the Moon brings with it risks for the astronauts who will make those first missions. John Strickland discusses how vehicles can be developed to increase the safety for those crews. Review: Mysteries of MarsThe Moon is back in the limelight this year, but that doesn’t mean Mars is any less interesting a world. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers an overview of what we know, and what we don’t, about a nearby planet. Have Moonsuit, will travelNASA’s new urgency to return to the Moon requires the agency to, besides developing new landers and other spacecraft, also develop new spacesuits for walking on the Moon. Dwayne Day explores the lessons many of the Apollo astronauts provided to NASA about their moonwalking experiences more than a quarter-century ago. The launch industry prepares for a shakeoutMore companies are getting into the commercial launch market, at both the large and small ends of vehicle capacities, despite uncertainty about how much demand there is for such vehicles. Jeff Foust reports that those within the industry expect a shakeout that could leave only a handful of companies standing. How defense and civil space offices can work together to on space situational awareness and space commerceNational space policy calls for handing over civil aspects of space traffic management work to the Commerce Department, but that office has little in-house expertise to take on that task. Alfred Anzaldua argues that collaboration with academia can help provide that expertise and keep the United States at the forefront of this critical field. Review: Apollo’s LegacyAs the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 approaches, many books about the mission and the overall program follow a “triumphalism” perspective. Jeff Foust reviews a book by a noted space historian who takes into account alternative perspectives to provide a more nuanced, complex look at the program and its historical significance. Blue Moon and the infrastructure of space settlementBlue Origin held an event last week in Washington where founder Jeff Bezos discussed the company’s Blue Moon lunar lander. Jeff Foust reports on the literal unveiling of the lander and Bezos’ vision of humanity’s future in space. Apollo’s shadow: the CIA and the Soviet space program during the Moon raceThroughout the 1960s, the CIA closely followed the Soviet space program to determine its capabilities and intent. Dwayne Day describes how one report from the late 1960s encapsulated what the CIA knew, and didn’t know, about Soviet efforts to go to the Moon. Should India pursue a Space Force?As the United States weighs developing a Space Force, the March test of an anti-satellite weapon by India has some there thinking about its military space plans. Ajey Lele discusses why India should develop its own space force to give military space capabilities the attention they need. Review: The Case for SpaceRobert Zubrin is best known as a leading advocate for human mission to Mars, but his views of spaceflight go well beyond the Red Planet. Jeff Foust reviews a book where he describes how humans can go from the Earth to the stars, and why they should. Russia’s secret satellite builderA little-known Russian organization may be playing a key role in the development of military spacecraft and anti-satellite weapons. Bart Hendrickx explains what is known about CNIIHM and its role in Russia’s military space activities. NASA’s plan for a human lunar landing in 2024 takes shapeEver since Vice President Mike Pence announced in a speech a month and a half ago that NASA was charged with landing humans on the Moon in five years, many have wondered how NASA can do it, and for how much money. Jeff Foust reports that the answers to some, but not all, of those questions are finally appearing. Present at the creation: debating sending Apollo to the MoonWhen President Kennedy met with advisors after Yuri Gagarin’s spaceflight, there was another person in the room: journalist Hugh Sidey. Dwayne Day discusses Sidey’s unusual access, and how his accounts of the event changed over time. Going to the Moon within five years and on the cheap: yes, it is possibleNASA’s plans for getting astronauts to the Moon largely involve vehicles like the Space Launch System. Ajay Kothari and Todd Rokita argue that instead using new reusable launch systems can enable a rapid return to the Moon at a much lower cost. Review: The Mission of a LifetimeThe Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon performed extraordinary accomplishments; what lessons can we learn from their achievements? Jeff Foust reviews a book that promises just that, only to find that you don’t need to go to the Moon to find the wisdom contained in its pages. A dark cloud on commercial crew’s horizonMore than a week ago, SpaceX suffered an anomaly during testing of the abort engines for its Crew Dragon spacecraft. Jeff Foust reports on the little information known about the incident and its implications for the commercial crew program. If the Saturn V went boom: The effects of a Saturn V launch pad explosionThe giant Saturn V rocket sent humans to the Moon a half-century ago, but what would have happened had something gone wrong? In the first article in a series leading up to the Apollo 11 50th anniversary, Dwayne Day examines some of the worst-case scenarios studied by NASA. Satellite constellations and radio astronomyCompanies are proposing a number of satellite constellations, some with thousands of spacecraft, intended to provide broadband communications. Adam Kimbrough notes that such systems also create new headaches for radio astronomers. Review: American MoonshotOver the decades, the views of President Kennedy's interest in space have risen and fallen based on new historical evidence and analysis. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers a new consideration of Kennedy's support for racing the Soviets to the Moon. The ghosts of flagships past and futureAs astronomers prepare to begin a decadal survey that will recommend the next flagship-class mission to pursue, the top selections from the previous two surveys have yet to launch. Jeff Foust reports on how this is weighing on astronomers who seek to balance bold scientific ambitions with uncertain budgets. How safe is safe enough for point-to-point suborbital?An important aspect of point-to-point suborbital passenger demand is whether it’s prudent for a company to permit key personnel to travel via a higher-risk mode of transportation. Sam Dinkin estimates what level might support a judgement that such travel is safe enough. The Notre Dame fire and the space movementThe first that damaged the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris last week led to a debate about the value, and expense, of symbols. Jeffrey Liss argues that the same debate applies to the cost and benefits of space exploration. Review: Our UniverseNew discoveries continue to reshape our knowledge of the origin and nature of our universe. Jeff Foust reviews a book that provides a guide to that current state of knowledge, best suited for newcomers to the topic. Delayed takeoffOn Saturday, Stratolaunch’s giant aircraft, developed to serve as an air-launch system, finally took flight in California. Jeff Foust examines the long road that venture has faced to get to its first flight, and its uncertain future. It’s time to speak out about India’s reckless anti-satellite testIndia’s anti-satellite test last month has gotten little in the way of reaction from other governments. Jessica West argues that countries need to speak up in order to preserve the space environment from other tests that could be even more destructive. If at first you don’t succeed…Israel hoped to become the fourth country to soft-land a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon last week, but its Beresheet lander crashed after suffering technical problems. Jeff Foust reports on the landing attempt and SpaceIL’s future plans. Rationale for a national “astroelectricity” programHow can the United States meet growing energy demand while also reducing its greenhouse gas emissions? Mike Snead describes how “astroelectricity”, better known as space-based solar power, can achieve that as part of a long-term national program. Review: Space 2.0The current era of spaceflight is very different from even the relatively recent past given the influx of new companies and countries. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers an overview, at an introductory level, about this new space age. Science, commerce, and the MoonThis week SpaceIL's Beresheet spacecraft will attempt a landing on the Moon, a precursor of sorts for future commercial missions whose payloads will include NASA-selected scientific instruments. Jeff Foust reports that, as scientists and lander developers get to know each other, there's still some work to do to match up expectations with capabilities. Astronauts vs. mortals: space workers, Jain ascetics, and NASA’s transcendent fewNASA astronauts are almost universally considered to be exceptional people, physically and mentally. Deana L. Weibel discusses this elevation of astronauts above ordinary people, which can even have religious overtones. India’s ASAT test and changing perceptions of space warfareIndia's recent test of an anti-satellite weapon got a muted reaction from many other governments. Taylor Dinerman argues that the test demonstrates that space warfare may be something that space powers will have to learn to live with. Reviews: Photography and ApolloThe Apollo program offers many iconic photographs, but there are still many more excellent images of the program and missions like Apollo 11 that few have seen. Jeff Foust reviews two books by the same authors who offer a selection of those images from various aspects of the race to the Moon. Lunar whiplashVice President Mike Pence directed NASA last week to accelerate its human spaceflight plans so it can land a human on the south pole of the Moon by 2024. Jeff Foust reports this charge is the latest in a recent series of policy changes that have created more questions than answers. The implications of India’s ASAT testLast week India surprised the world by carrying out a direct-ascent ASAT test, destroying one of its own satellites. Ajey Lele discusses the background of the test and why it is not as destabilizing as some might think. Déjà vu as space policyVice President Pence’s speech appeared to harken back to previous efforts to set audacious deadlines for NASA. Roger Handberg argues the new goal is a dance between operational reality and political reality. Destination Moon: China’s first mover advantage and America’s second mover advantageAs NASA works on its accelerated return to the Moon, Chinese officials have discussed the potential for setting up a base at the lunar poles. John Hickman examines the advantages and disadvantages of the two countries’ efforts. Review: Shoot for the MoonWith the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing coming up this summer, there’s a growing number of books about the mission and the overall space race. Jeff Foust reviews one such book that provides a good, but not particularly novel, history of the space race. Human spaceflight, exploration and the jobs specterHuman spaceflight is often promoted as an expression of humanity’s innate desire to explore, but it’s not how such programs are truly funded. Roger Handberg argues that, ultimately, it comes down to economic benefits, notably jobs. Cost challenges continue for NASA science missionsWhile recent attention devoted to NASA’s fiscal year 2020 budget proposal focused on SLS, science programs are also facing scrutiny. Jeff Foust reports on those issues, including yet another attempt to cancel a major astrophysics mission and cost growth for planetary science missions. Could suborbital point-to-point really be worth $20 billion a year in 2030?A recent report by UBS projects that point-to-point suborbital space travel will be a $20 billion a year market in 2030. Sam Dinkin examines their assumptions and offers an alternative analysis. Review: Come Fly with UsDuring the shuttle program, payload specialists ranging from scientists to politicians got to fly on missions, even though they were sometimes considered second-class astronauts. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offeres a detailed examination of the program, including the perspectives of many of those payload specialists. Rethinking EM-1, and SLSLast week NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine announced that NASA was studying alternatives to using the Space Launch System on the EM-1 mission. Jeff Foust reports on those developments and how it could reopen the need for the SLS in the first place. An enigma behind the curtain: the Tallinn anti-ballistic missile system and satellite intelligenceSatellite intelligence can provide insights to guide policy decisions. Chris Manteuffel describes one case from the Cold War where satellite imagery was wrongly interpreted by intelligence officials, leading to a costly investment that may not have been necessary. NASA’s flawed plan to return humans to the MoonNASA is working on elements of an exploration plan that would return humans to the surface of the Moon by 2028. Gerald Black says that this approach has more negatives than positives and should be replaced by an alternative approach. Pow, right to the MoonThere are a number of problems with NASA’s current approach to return to the Moon. Yet, Eric Hedman argues, it may still be the best way to get humans to the surface of the Moon in the next decade. Red Moon revisitedThe successful landing of the Chang’e-4 spacecraft on the lunar farside in January has triggered another round of speculation about China’s lunar exploration plans and a race with the United States. Dwayne Day argues that many Western observers see what they want to see in China’s space program and not what is really going on. Time for a compromise on space traffic managementLast summer, President Trump signed Space Policy Directive 3 that addressed space traffic management issues, but its implementation has been slowed by arguments regarding what agency should be in charge. Brian Weeden offers a potential compromise that would allow work on the issue to move ahead. The beginning of the end of commercial crew developmentThe successful launch and docking of a Crew Dragon spacecraft a week ago was only a part of that test flight: a vehicle that carries astronauts to the space station also needs to be able to return them. Jeff Foust reports on the conclusion of that Demo-1 mission and the growing confidence the commercial crew program is ready to carry astronauts this year. Review: The Cosma HypothesisMore than three decades ago, Frank White published a book that described the “Overview Effect,” that change in perspective that many astronauts experience when seeing the Earth from space. Jeff Foust reviews White’s latest book that instead looks at a changing perspective of the universe enabled by spaceflight. Commercial crew’s time approachesA SpaceX Falcon took off in the middle of the night this weekend, sending a Crew Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station on a test flight to verify the vehicle is ready to carry astronauts. Jeff Foust reports on the status of the mission and what remains to be done before that spacecraft carries people into orbit. Denial, disruption, and development in the space launch businessDespite recent advances in reusability, rockets are fundamentally similar today to those developed in the middle of the last century. John Hollaway wonders when there will be a true disruption in space access. The Moonrush has begunLast month, SpaceIL’s Beresheet lunar lander launched, and is making its way to the Moon for a landing attempt in April. Gerald Black argues this is the beginning of a new commercial rush to the Moon where, like the gold rushes of the 19th century, suppliers could cash in as well. Review: Apollo 11The Apollo 11 mission has been told and retold countless times in almost every conceivable format. However, Jeff Foust reviews a new documentary that offers a fresh look at the mission, thanks in part to footage that hadn’t been seen since it was taken a half-century ago. Commercial space policy issues for 2019This year is expected to include major milestones in commercial spaceflight, such as key test flights of orbital and suborbital vehicles. There’s also, Jeff Foust reports, some unfinished business in commercial space policy intended to support those and other ventures. What should be Japan’s strategy for human space exploration?As NASA seeks partners for its plans to establish a lunar Gateway and return to the Moon, Japan must consider what roles it wishes to play in that effort. Takashi Uchino examines the rationales for human spaceflight in Japan and how to balance that with robotic space exploration. A Space Service in support of American grand strategyPresident Trump recently signed a space policy directive that formally begins the process of creating a Space Force. Lamont Colucci argues that a full-fledged Space Force, as a separate military service and not one that is part of the Air Force, is essential to the future of American grand strategy. Review: Ronald Reagan and the Space FrontierRonald Reagan is perhaps best known in space for his administration’s decision to develop the space station, but that legacy goes far beyond that single decision. Jeff Foust reviews a book by a leading space historian on the achievements of the Reagan White House on civil and commercial space policy. Above Top Secret: the last flight of the Big BirdThe last launch of a HEXAGON reconnaissance satellite, in 1986, ended in failure. Dwayne Day describes how that satellite also carried an additional top secret sensor and intelligence mission not previously known. Moon racingThis year is shaping up to be the most active in lunar exploration in decades. Jeff Foust reports on how, at least partially in response to those other missions, NASA is looking to speed up its own plans. Building a better booster (part 2)In the conclusion of his two-part article, Jeffrey L. Smith looks at another case when a launch vehicle provider switched solid rocket booster providers, and why that attempt was far less successful than a most recent change. Seeking the future: the fragility of the patronMany of the best-known space startups have been created, and funded, by wealthy entrepreneurs. Roger Handberg discusses some of the limitations of this patron model that have already affected some of these companies. Building a better booster (part 1)Northrop Grumman recently tested a new solid rocket booster that will be used on ULA’s Atlas and Vulcan rockets. Jeffrey L. Smith, in the first of a two-part article, describes the development of that booster and the technical challenges involved.
A helping hand for giant telescopesBesides planning for future space telescopes, the 2020 astrophysics decadal survey will also examine proposals for future ground-based telescopes. Jeff Foust reports on one effort to win federal funding to ensure open access to two large observatories planned for completion in the 2020s. A space-focused alternative to a Green New DealProposals by those seeking to address climate change and other environmental problems, such as the Green New Deal, make little use of space-based resources or other capabilities. Taylor Dinerman argues that space can benefit the environment without jeopardizing growth. Review: War in SpaceConcerns about the weaponization of space, and warfare there, have grown with new development of ASAT weapons and proposals for a Space Force. Jeff Foust reviews a book that attempts to provide an overview of the topic, but offers few insights. A Space Guard to enable, regulate, and protect national civil and commercial space activitiesWhile proposals continue to be debated about a Space Force or Space Corps, such a military entity may not be well-suited to many other challenges involving space operations. Al Anzaldúa, Hoyt Davidson, and others make the case for a civilian Space Guard to handle issues from regulation and inspection to protection and rescue. Rethinking satellite servicingIn a somewhat surprising move last week, Space Systems Loral announced it was cancelling its agreement with DARPA on a satellite servicing program for financial reasons. Jeff Foust reports that other companies still remain interested in developing systems for servicing satellites, at least for now. The ramjet mysteryRamjets, studied decades ago for missiles, have been considered for use on some launch vehicle concepts. John Hollaway wonders if ramjets might be more efficient than previously thought for reusable spaceplanes. The First didn’t lastLast month the streaming service Hulu quietly cancelled The First, a series about the first human missions to Mars, starring Sean Penn. Jeff Foust reviews the series to see why this Mars mission went off-course. Mars: Bringer of ennui (part 2)Like in its first season, the second season of National Geographic’s Mars mixed a dramatic storyline of humans on Mars with documentary features. Dwayne Day examines how well they work together, and how they illustrate some of the long-standing problems regarding the advocacy of commercial human spaceflight. Would a decadal survey work for human space exploration?The decadal survey has become the primary way that the space science community sets research priorities and identifies missions to achieve them. Joseph K. Alexander discusses how the decadal survey works and whether it could be applied to human space exploration. Blue’s big year aheadBlue Origin started off 2019 with another suborbital test flight of its New Shepard suborbital vehicle. Jeff Foust reports on the company’s goal to start flying people later this year while breaking ground on a factory that will produce rocket engines for both itself and ULA. Weaponization of space will harm the United States more than it gainsSome see proposals to establish a Space Force by the US as a first step towards placing or using weapons in space. Takuya Wakimoto explains why this would be a bad step for both US and international security. Review: Interplanetary RobotsThe history of robotic missions to explore the planets is a subject as big as the solar system itself. Jeff Foust reviews a book that shrinks that history down to a single volume, including missions that failed to make it off the drawing boards. There is no space raceThe Change’e-4 landing on the far side of the Moon this month has led many to argue that a new space race is emerging between China and the United States. Roger Handberg argues that there can’t be a competition if only one of them is really racing. Selecting the next great space observatoryThe next decadal survey for astrophysics is getting started, and among its tasks will be to prioritize the most promising concepts for large space-based telescopes to be developed in the 2020s. Jeff Foust reports on the four specific concepts under consideration and the pressure they face from the budget problems of their predecessors. Mars: Bringer of ennui (part 1)The second second of the National Geographic Channel series Mars attempted to bring new drama to the Red Planet. Dwayne Day reviews the series and finds that attempt at drama rather lacking. Beyond UNISPACE: It’s time for the Moon TreatyThe Moon Treaty has long been criticized as stifling commercial space activities. Dennis O’Brien argues that the treaty, with a proper implementation agreement, can instead address uncertainties about commercialization that will enable those activities to proceed. A bad start to a great yearThis year was supposed to be one of major milestones for commercial space companies, but three weeks into 2019 the milestones have been largely negative. A.J. Mackenzie examines the bad news for various companies and what it means for NewSpace in general. Repairing, and building, future space telescopesWhile the James Webb Space Telescope is not designed to be serviced after launch, large space telescope missions that follow likely will. Jeff Foust reports that some astronomers and engineers are looking beyond merely servicing telescopes in space but rather assembling them there. Why the Chang’e-4 Moon landing is uniqueEarlier this month China landed its second spacecraft on the Moon, and became the first country to land on the lunar farside. Namrata Goswami warns that, despite these achievements, the West continues to underestimate China’s space program. Bulgarians still dream about space four decades after their first crewed missionBesides being the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11, 2019 marks the 40th anniversary of the first Bulgarian in space. Svetoslav Alexandrov recaps that country’s history in spaceflight and how, after a hiatus, it is trying to become more active in space again. Small thrusters for small satellites: trends and challengesAs interest in smallsats grows, so does the need for propulsion systems that can make such spacecraft more capable. Researchers from Singapore and Australia examine the current state of research in smallsat propulsion technologies. Review: Safely to EarthThis year will see many books about the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11, focusing primarily on the program itself, the astronauts, and other key figures. Jeff Foust reviews a memoir that shows that books written by others involved in the program at lower levels can also be interesting. A distant flybyLast week, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft flew by a small object in the Kuiper Belt, the most distant flyby by a spacecraft to date. Jeff Foust reports on the scene at mission control for the flyby and the science that will come. The struggle for a practical cislunar transportation systemNASA has proposed developing a three-stage lander for carrying crews to the surface of the Moon. John Strickland argues that approach is inferior to approaches that make use of larger, reusable, single-stage landers that can be configured for different applications. The asteroid mining bubble has burstIn the last two months, two companies founded several years ago to pursue asteroid mining have been acquired. Jeff Foust examines the apparent end of an era for one emerging commercial space market. Moore’s Law, Wright’s Law and the countdown to exponential spaceSpace advocates have long sought signs of exponential growth in relevant technologies, like Moore's Law in computing. A group of researchers looks for evidence of such growth in one aspect of satellite design. How should Japan’s space agency foster NewSpace?Can NASA's model for supporting the development of new commercial space capabilities be applied by other national space agencies? Takashi Uchino examines the difficulties in using that approach in Japan. Unfinished businessWith 2018 coming to an end, part of the federal government, including NASA, is shut down. Jeff Foust reports on the shutdown and a failed effort in Congress to pass a commercial space regulatory reform bill. GSAT-7A and India’s growing military space needsIndia launched in December a communications satellite devoted to the Indian Air Force. Ajey Lele explains how this is a sign of the growing importance of space to India’s military. Names that maim: rebranding the Lunar Orbital Platform-GatewayNASA may see its Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway, or LOP-G, as the next step in human space exploration, but that name leaves something to be desired. Bob Mahoney makes the case for a better name. Review: Red MoonA new novel by Kim Stanley Robinson envisions a future where China has a major presence on the Moon. Vidvuds Beldavs reviews the book and examines what Robinson may have overlooked in his vision of the future three decades hence. SpaceShipTwo finally makes it to space*Last week, after years of delays, Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo finally flew to the edge of space. Jeff Foust describes the flight, the company’s future plans, and how it’s reopened a debate on the definition of space. Congress and commerce in the final frontier (part 2)In the second part of his examination of the history of commercial space legislation, Cody Knipfer explores efforts ranging from providing a legal basis for suborbital human spaceflight to establishing resource rights for asteroid mining. When the search for asteroids is under the weatherFickle weather can disrupt the search for potentially hazardous near Earth asteroids. Jeff Foust reports on how some planetary astronomers are pushing for a space-based telescope immune to the weather and able to make observations not possible from Earth. The Moon’s far side and China’s space strategyEarlier this month China launched its latest Moon mission, Chang’e-4, scheduled to land on the moon by early January. Namrata Goswami puts that mission into a broader perspective of China’s long-term space exploration plans. Review: Your Place in the UniverseA little bit of humor can go a long way in helping communicate the mysteries of the universe. Jeff Foust reviews a book that tackles some of the serious issues about the origin and fate of the universe without taking them too seriously. Forces of darkness and lightThe 1970s in space advocacy is primarily remembered for visions of space colonies. Dwayne Day discusses how those concepts were shaped by both concerns about resource depletion as well as fear of nuclear war. For the small launch industry, just wait until next yearThis year was supposed to be the year of the small launch vehicle, but some companies experienced delays that have pushed their first launches into 2019. Jeff Foust reports that, even as these new vehicle prepare to enter service, a reckoning is coming for the overall industry in the near future. Congress and commerce in the final frontier (part 1)There’s a long history of legislation by Congress addressing commercial space regulation, oversight, and promotion. Cody Knipfer, in the first of a two-part examination, explores the early history such legislation in the 1980s and 1990s. Review: SpacecraftBooks about space exploration often incorporate a mix of photographs or photorealistic illustrations. Jeff Foust reviews a book that instead incorporates simple, but detailed, illustrations of launch vehicles and spacecraft to show their development. Spooky Apollo: Apollo 8 and the CIAThis month marks the 50th anniversary of the historic Apollo 8 mission to the Moon. Dwayne Day explores what we know about the role, if any, intelligence about Soviet plans played in NASA’s decision to carry out the mission. Three ways to the MoonLast week NASA announced the companies that will be part of its program to offer commercial rides to the lunar surface. Jeff Foust reports on that development as well as agency studies of heavier landers, including those designed to transport people to the Moon. A civilian space “guard” is not a military space “force”The debate about how to organize military space activities in the United States continues as the administration crafts its plans for a Space Force. Alfred Anzaldúa argues that a military Space Force may not be as effective for some needs as a more civil Space Guard. Of flags on the MoonAs the United States and other countries send spacecraft to the Moon in the next several years, they’ll carry with their national flags. Mark Whittington discusses if multinational cooperative missions should fly under a single flag instead. Review: Einstein’s ShadowEven relatively little-known projects in astronomy can be complex endeavors whose funding and management challenges can be as big as their scientific and technical ones. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers an account of one such effort with an ambitious goal: taking an image of the black hole in our galaxy’s center. A new InSight for Mars explorationLater today NASA’s InSight spacecraft will attempt to land on Mars. Jeff Foust discusses the preparations for the landing and the science that mission will perform, as well as NASA’s plans for what comes next at Mars. There are no Russians there…Russian plans for a series of lunar missions, including sample return, have faced delays, even as other countries press ahead with their own lunar ambitions. Dwayne Day describes how this is a sign of the implosion of the Russian planetary exploration program. Small steps for space settlementAdvances in space transportation have given some space advocates renewed hope about the prospect of permanent space settlements. Jeff Foust reports on a recent meeting that eagerly tackled the technical issues while offering fewer insights on the economics or rationales for living in space. Mars: A case study in space lawThe second season of the television series Mars pits scientists against private interests on the Red Planet. Dennis O’Brien says the new series offers an opportunity to examine issues in space law raised by that clash. Reviews: Brief Answers to the Big Questions and On the FutureTwo eminent British scientists, Martin Rees and the late Stephen Hawking, have published new books that examine topics that extend far afield from their specialties in astrophysics. Jeff Foust examines what they have to say about human spaceflight in particular. A historic day for Chinese NewSpaceLast month a private Chinese company made its first attempt to launch a payload into orbit. Chen Lan offers an eyewitness account of the event and explains why that launch, while a failure, was still a major milestone for the country’s emerging commercial space industry. Space, fighting for airspaceAs the US launch industry gets more active, it’s running into new problems regarding access to airspace and conflicts with the commercial aviation industry. Jeff Foust reports on how the two industries are trying to better understand each other and resolve those conflicts. Disruptive American “astrologistics”A new era in American spaceflight requires a renewed emphasis on the ability to reliably and affordably transport cargo to and from the space. Mike Snead discusses what that means to him within the context of disruptive innovation. Review: The Bomb and America’s Missile AgeThe early history of spaceflight is linked to the early development of intercontinental ballistic missiles. Jeff Foust reviews a new book that traces the early history of the development of ICBMs in the US, including the various policy and technical challenges those efforts faced. The end of an era in the exploration of EuropaLast week’s midterm elections saw the defeat of Rep. John Culberson, a major advocate for missions to Jupiter’s moon Europa. Jason Callahan explains what that means for NASA missions under development, and why some scientists might not be that surprised. A different trajectory for funding space science missionsThe budget increases that NASA’s planetary science program has enjoyed for the last several years may soon come to an end, even while there’s no shortage of compelling mission concepts. Jeff Foust reports on two alternative approaches under study for doing planetary exploration, involving philanthropy and coalitions. Spaceplanes: the triumph of hope over experienceFor decades, engineers have tried to develop spaceplanes that can operate like aircraft, only to suffer technical shortfalls. John Hollaway argues that the failed efforts to develop such vehicles mark the limits of the space launch industry. Review: Out ThereWhile astrobiology has become an increasingly mainstream science, it is still grappling with some of the central questions about the existence of life beyond Earth. Jeff Foust reviews a new book that takes a serious look at the field, without taking itself too seriously. No to a cheap lunar GatewayNASA is current planning development of the Gateway orbiting the Moon to support lunar exploration in the 2020s. Taylor Dinerman discusses why, if the Gateway is going to be built, it should be designed to last for decades. Turning space policy into space regulationA space policy directive earlier this year instructed various departments to engage in commercial space regulatory reform efforts. Jeff Foust reports that, as those policies become proposed rules, industry is keenly interested in their progress and concerned in some cases about the lack of details. Racing China to the high frontierA half-century ago, the United States and the Soviet Union raced to the Moon. Mark Whittington argues that a new Moon race is shaping up between the United States and China, with stakes no less significant than in the 1960s. Review: The Lonely Halls MeetingA new documentary discusses the invention of GPS, focusing on a Pentagon meeting 45 years ago. Richard Easton says that the film has a number of inaccuracies about how GPS was actually developed. When spacecraft dieTwo NASA spacecraft are in the final days of operations as they run out of fuel, while a rover on Mars remains silent nearly five months after a dust storm swept across the planet. Jeff Foust reports on the impending demise of Dawn and Kepler and the last-ditch efforts to restore contact with Opportunity. Making peace with the SLSSince its introduction more than seven years ago, some space advocates have openly fought against the Space Launch System, beleving it to be a flawed, expensive vehicle. A.J. Mackenzie argues it’s time for those advocates to end futile political battles and instead focus on developing alternatives for when the arguments about SLS can be reopened. Putting astrobiology at the heart of NASA scienceAstrobiology has gained increasing prominence in space science in the last 25 years thanks to better understanding about the potential habitability of worlds inside and outside our solar system. Jeff Foust discusses a recent report from the National Academies that examines how NASA should build upon its existing activities in astrobiology. Review: The Smithsonian History of Space ExplorationRecent and upcoming anniversaries in spaceflight have prompted a number of books examining the history, and future, of space exploration. Jeff Foust reviews one such book by a prominent space historian that offers a broad overview of spaceflight. Over the Moon about the MoonAt the recent International Astronautical Congress, there was significant enthusiasm for lunar exploration by companies and governments alike. Jeff Foust reports that there’s still a lot of work to do to translate that enthusiasm into concrete plans. Disruptive technology in space transportationWhat constitutes a truly disruptive technology in the field of spaceflight? Patrick J. G. Stiennon argues that reusable rockets alone aren’t sufficient if they simply serve existing markets, requiring instead a different approach. A comparison of American and Japanese space policy structuresWhile the National Space Council in the United States has taken on a renewed role in shaping national space policy, Japan has a similar framework for developing its own space policies. Takashi Uchino compares the two countries’ structures and the differences in how policy is made. Review: The LeapfroggersSome of the people who have been involved with India’s space program over the decades are now writing memoirs about their efforts, much like American counterparts. Jeff Foust reviews one such book by someone who played a key role in the development of India’s first orbital launch vehicle. A fraying spaceflight infrastructureLast week’s Soyuz failure has implications for the future of the International Space Station, the commercial crew program, and international cooperation in space in general. It also, Jeff Foust reports, illustrates how tenuous our hold on space remains, six decades after the beginning of the Space Age. Asteroid mining: appealing to our romantic side?There’s gold in them thar asteroids, space mining advocates argue, along with other precious metals and volatiles. John Hollaway, though, explains why he’s skeptical that those resources will be economically viable any time in the foreseeable future. So, you want to become a cosmonaut? Inside the 2018 cosmonaut selection processIn August, Roscosmos announced a new class of eight cosmonauts which had been selected from a pool of just 420 applicants. Tony Quine examines the process by which Russia selected those cosmonauts, including the views of one candidate who fell short of being selected this time around. Review: Above and BeyondA new documentary and companion book celebrates NASA’s 60 years with an eye towards what the agency should be doing in the future. Jeff Foust reviews the two, including examining how the film compresses 60 years into 90 minutes. Debating reusabilityThe landing and reuse of Falcon 9 first stages has become increasing routine, but that does not mean everyone is convinced reusable rockets always make sense. Jeff Foust reports on some objections to reusability, as well as a defense of reusability by a key SpaceX executive. Express elevator to Hell: Missions to explore the Sun’s nearest neighborLater this month Europe will launch BepiColombo, the newest mission to the innermost planet, Mercury. Dwayne Day recounts some of the efforts after the Mariner 10 flybys in the 1970s to send followup missions to the planet, overcoming technical and other issues. Review: First ManThe highly anticipated movie First Man about the life of Neil Armstrong opens in theaters this week. Andre Bormanis says the filmmakers had to deal with the unique challenge of a movie about a man like Armstrong, resulting in a worthy film that is still somewhat disappointing. Review: Beyond EarthFor six decades, NASA and other agencies have been launching robotic missions beyond Earth orbit to study the solar system and the universe. Jeff Foust reviews a new NASA history that provides an overview of every one of those missions, successful or not. Sixty years of NASA, thirty years of NASA leadershipMonday marks the 60th anniversary of the day NASA started operations. Jeff Foust reports from a recent conference panel where the current administrator was joined by five of his predecessors to discuss how their challenges have changed, while sometimes remaining the same. Space Force: it’s time to actShould the United States establish a separate Space Force versus a Space Corps within the Air Force or some other alternative? Tom “Tav” Taverney argues that whatever the model, reforms are necessary to improve the speed of space activities and how they’re managed. A liftoff at last for a rocket engine agreementLast week, after months of anticipation, United Launch Alliance confirmed what most people in the industry thought would happen when it selected the BE-4 engine from Blue Origin for its Vulcan launch vehicle. Jeff Foust discusses how this agreement entangles two companies who are cooperating and competing simultaneously. The legal mandate for a US Space ForceThe announcement this summer by President Trump of the creation of a Space Force has raised questions about whether its legal justification under international law. Mike Lorrey describes how creating a military space force can be linked to the Outer Space Treaty. SpaceX’s BFR gets closer to Mars, by way of the MoonSpaceX used the announcement of the first customer for its Big Falcon Rocket (BFR) to reveal some changes to the vehicle’s design. Jeff Foust reports on the update and the unique plans that customer has for that mission. A comet or Titan: The next New Frontiers missionNASA will select next year either a comet sample return mission or a spacecraft to Saturn’s moon Titan as its next New Frontiers medium-sized planetary mission. Van Kane describes the two missions and the science they would perform. Commentary on the Planetary Society’s “Principles for Human Spaceflight”The Planetary Society recently outlined its core beliefs regarding the goals of and approaches to humans spaceflight. Four authors affiliated with the National Space Society offer a critique of that document and suggest some changes. Review: The Penguin Book of Outer Space ExplorationWith NASA about to mark its 60th anniversary, it’s an opportunity to look back at the agency’s achievements during that time. Jeff Foust reviews a book that provides a curated selection of key policy statements and related documents that shaped NASA’s human spaceflight efforts. The art of lawfare and the real war in outer spaceLast month’s meeting of the Conference on Disarmament saw a debate on space weaponization. Michael Listner argues this was an example of efforts by China and Russia to attempt to use legal means to gain an advantage on the United States militarily in space. May the satellite industry live in interesting timesThe mainstream satellite industry has fallen on hard times of sorts in recent years as the number of GEO satellite orders has drastically declined. Jeff Foust reports on the implications for manufacturers and launchers of those satellites amid uncertainty about the future effects of low Earth orbit constellations. Six-pack for Mars: A railroad to the Moon and MarsIn-space refueling of upper stages can enable mission architectures like landings on the Moon and Mars without the need for massive launch vehicles. Ajay Kothari describes how this approach can create a “railroad” for frequent, inexpensive access beyond Earth. Review: The High Frontier: An Easier WayAre the idea of space colonies, or free space settlements, making a comeback? Jeff Foust reviews a book that tried to make the case for a simpler version of such space habitats than what was proposed four decades ago. DARPA and the future of spaceDARPA marked its 60th anniversary at a conference last week that included discussions about past and present space programs. Jeff Foust reports on those discussions as well as suggests for future “DARPA-hard” space projects. Pompeo and Mattis should add space cooperation to the US-India strategic partnershipFor the first time last week, the US Secretaries of State and Defense met with their Indian counterparts in a “2+2” dialogue. Future such discussions, argue Frank Rose and Jonathan Ward, should include space cooperation. Review: Accessory to WarThe study of the universe and the military would seem two very different topics, but the links beween the science of astrophysics and the art of war run long and deep. Jeff Foust reviews a book that untangles those connections while also examining the future of military activities in space. Delta II: End of an eraLater this month the venerable Delta II rocket will lift off for the final time, carrying a NASA satellite. James Michael Knauf recalls the history, and the accomplishments, of that launch vehicle over nearly three decades. A fading Martian OpportunityNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has been out of contact with the Earth for nearly three months, and the agency announced plans last week to try to restore contact with it. Jeff Foust reports that the overall Mars exploration program at NASA is facing challenges as well. Endorsing openness for NASA astronautsLast week, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine suggested that astronauts should be able to do commercial endorsements and other media deals in order to help make the agency more popular. A.J. Mackenzie argues that if the agency really wants to do that, it needs to be more open in how it assigns and reassigns astronauts to missions. “Where are they?”: SETI and modern science fictionMaking contact with extraterrestrial intelligence has long been a theme of science fiction. Vidvuds Beldavs examines how one recent trilogy by a Chinese author explores that topic in a new and compelling way. Review: Deep Space CommoditiesAsteroid mining ventures that announced plans to harvest space resources several years ago have since suffered financial setbacks or have pivoted to other fields. Jeff Foust reviews a book whose lead author remains as optimistic as ever about asteroid mining. Donald Trump’s Space Force isn’t as new or as dangerous as it seemsThe proposed Space Force has attracted significant debate in the last two months, including widespread criticism that it’s a step towards weaponizing space. Cameron Hunter and Bleddyn Bowen argue that the concept is neither as new nor as alarming as some claim. Space Force booster #1As the debate about establishing a Space Force as a separate military branch continues, one official has emerged as the concept’s biggest proponent outside of the White House: NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine. Jeff Foust reports on Bridenstine’s advocacy and what might be driving it. Why airworthiness certification is necessary for commercial human spaceflightCurrent federal regulations of commercial human spaceflight vehicles use a licensing system and “informed consent” for regulation. Mike Snead discusses the need for a more rigorous airworthiness approach to ensure the safety of those flying such vehicles and for the growth of the overall industry. Measuring the progress in space access, 25 years after DC-XThis month marked the 25th anniversary of the first flight of the DC-X, a vehicle at the time that promised to usher in a new era of reusable launchers. Jeff Foust examines the progress that has been made, particular in the last five years, on lower cost and more frequent space access. Review: The Astronaut MakerGeorge Abbey, the former head of the Johnson Space Center, was one of the most powerful figures at NASA during his time at the agency, but one who preferred to work out of the limelight. Jeff Foust reviews a new biography of Abbey that traces his life and his career at NASA, from Apollo to the International Space Station. The Trump Administration needs to exercise leadership in space security diplomacyThe Trump Administration’s space policy efforts have been driven by a theme of restoring American leadership in space, but there’s one area where those efforts have fallen short. Brian Weeden explains why the US needs to become more engaged in international discussions on space security issues or risk ceding that leadership to China and Russia. India seeks its own “Gagarin Moment”Last week, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India would launch its first astronaut by 2022. Ajey Lele examines why India would invest in a human spaceflight program with a such a short-term deadline. A big push for small satellites for NASA scienceNASA’s science programs are dominated by big missions, but smaller spacecraft are playing an increasing role. Jeff Foust reports on a new initiative to make greater use of CubeSats and other smallsats for NASA science programs, including in fields that had previously eschewed such spacecraft. Rethinking the Mars terraforming debateA recent scientific paper appears to kill the idea of being able to terraform Mars. John Strickland argues that the paper ignores other approaches to making the planet more habitable that, while not feasible now, are also not impossible at some point in the future. Review: Space CapitalismRecent years has seen more private sector funding of space activities, often in cooperation with government agencies. Jeff Foust reviews a book that tries to argue for a purely capitalist approach to space exploration, cutting the government out entirely. NASA as a brandThe NASA logo, in both the “meatball” and “worm” variations, is showing up on everything from cheap t-shirts to designer apparel. Dwayne Day examines why the NASA brand has become so popular in recent years. The robotic space stationSpace stations have been associated with crewed facilities since the early days of the Space Age, but can a station carry out missions without people on board? Gordon Roesler argues that advances in robotics technologies enable the creation of uncrewed space stations that can support new missions, and new markets, in Earth orbit and beyond. The search for life in CongressA Senate committee held a hearing last week about NASA’s efforts to search for life beyond Earth. Jeff Foust reports that the hearing covered a lot more ground than just the state of astrobiology research at the agency. Anywhere but in the waterDuring the early Space Age, capsules carrying astronauts splashed down in the ocean. However, John Charles notes there was consideration of using the a version of the mid-air capture system used for retrieving film canisters returned from space as a way of recovering astronauts. Review: Apollo Mission ControlPreparations for the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 are underway, including the restoration of the mission control room used for the mission. Jeff Foust reviews a book that provides a technical history of that control center and efforts to restore it to its appearance a half-century ago. NASA at 60-somethingNASA turned 60 years old this week—unless you celebrate its birthday in October. In any case, Jeff Foust reports on what a panel discussion last week involving the current NASA administrator and two of his predecessors had to say about the past and future of the agency. Space Force and international space lawAs the Trump Administration considered setting up a establishing a Space Force as a separate military branch, what space law issues does it pose? Babak Shakouri Hassanabadi argues that, despite prohibitions in international law on many types of military space activities, there are cases where a military space force would be consistent with treaties. Around the Moon, revisitedA century before the Apollo landings, Jules Verne penned a story about a human mission around the Moon. Eric Hedman argues that the classic book is worth a second read. Review: Limiting Outer SpaceThe 1970s was a decade of retrenchment for spaceflight after the early successes that led to landing humans on the Moon. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines some of the cultural effects in the United States and Europe of that dispiriting decade in spaceflight. British launch plans finally lift offA highlight of last week’s Farnborough International Airshow in the UK was a long-awaited announcement by the British government of its plans to support the development of a spaceport and vehicles to use it. Jeff Foust examines those plans and the issues the companies, and the government, face to make those plans a success. Pencils down: OmegA awaits final grade on EELVThe Air Force will soon make selections on vehicles for the next generation of the EELV launch program, with Northrop Grumman’s OmegA one of the leading contenders. Jeff Smith examines what we know about the OmegA design and how it might stack up to the competition. Powering the first element of the GatewayNASA is gearing up to seek proposals for the first element of its Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway. Jeff Foust reports on what some of the companies that worked on earlier studies for that element have in mind, even as the Gateway itself becomes more ambitious. An alternative proposal for a revolution in hypersonics and space (part 2)In the concluding part of his examination of approaches to hypersonics research, Mike Snead discusses the political and economic issues of developing “aircraft-like” access to space. Self-defense in space: protecting Russian spacecraft from ASAT attacksNot only did the Soviet Union develop anti-satellite weapons during the Cold War, it investigated ways to protect its own satellites from ASAT attacks. Bart Hendrickx describes that work and new Russian efforts to develop similar technologies. When will commercial crew launch?It’s a simple question, but one seemingly difficult to answer: when will Boeing and SpaceX launch their commercial crew vehicles on their planned test flights? Jeff Foust reports that, as scheduled dates for the first test flights approaches, more delays are expected, although then those new dates will be announced is as uncertain as what that new schedule will be. An alternative proposal for a revolution in hypersonics and space (part 1)In a recent Aviation Week op-ed, former House Speaker Newt Gingrich called on renewed focus on hypersonics for space and other applications. In the first of a two-part response, Mike Snead argues that Gingrich’s solution suffers from a number of problems. NASA’s dilemma: governments don’t do innovationCritics of NASA’s Space Launch System note that SpaceX developed the Falcon 9 far more rapidly and at a far lower cost. John Hollaway turns to a couple of books, including one historical account, to offer other lessons about the differences between government and private-sector innovation. Review: Gravitational WavesGravitational waves have been a hot topic in science in the last few years, but can be difficult to understand. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers a concise overview of the topic, including the efforts to detect them that finally succeeded a few years ago. The humble astronautAlan Bean, the fourth man to walk on the Moon, passed away in May. Dwayne Day recalls how Bean stood out among his fellow astronauts through hard work and a straightforward, common-sense approach that made him seem ordinary. Charting a path for the space industry’s growthSome recent studies have suggested the global space economy could grow to $1 trillion by the 2040s, about three times its current size. Jeff Foust reports a challenge to achieving that goal is finding new markets that can stimulate new growth for the overall industry. LOP-G meets ISECGNASA’s Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway has been billed as a key step towards human missions to the surface of the Moon, but some worry international cooperation plans could delay the Gateway’s development and make it less effective. Eric Hedman argues that NASA needs to begin with the end in mind, and work its way backwards to a design for the Gateway that makes sense. Space power: a timely answer to Europe’s energy challengeEurope faces multiple problems with trying to increase reliance on domestic power sources while reducing its carbon footprint. Vidvuds Beldavs suggests that Europe invest in space solar power to meet its power needs while developing technologies needed for human expansion into the solar system. Review: European Access to SpaceThe small launch vehicle market is dominated by American companies, but there are ventures around the world working on such vehicles, including several in Europe. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines the state of the market and offers recommendations to make European companies more competitive. Too big to fail?NASA announced last week yet another delay for the James Webb Space Telescope as well as a cost increase that will require Congress to formally reauthorize the mission. Yet, as Jeff Foust notes, few doubt that the mission will continue even with its latest problems. Launch failures: the boring stuffSometimes, you need to sweat the small stuff when it comes to launches. Wayne Eleazer describes how a lack of attention to such details led to launch and satellite failures over the years. A new rocketry—and workforce—competitionA nonprofit organization announced a rocketry competition for universities last month. Jeff Foust reports on how this effort is intended not just to promote rocket development but also expand and diversify the industry’s workforce. Space lawmakingDifferent countries take different approaches to development national space laws, but all spacefaring countries need laws to comply with their treaty responsibilities. Lucien Rapp examines those differences and how they can inform future global space governance. Review: Light of the StarsWhat does the search for extraterrestrial intelligences have to do with dealing with human-made changes to the Earth’s climate? Jeff Foust reviews a book that attempts to argue how those civilizations—if they exist—can teach us about how to deal with life in the Anthropocene. Managing space traffic expectationsAs expected, the president signed a new space policy directive last week regarding space traffic management. Jeff Foust reports on what the policy covers, and what the next steps are in the administration and in Congress to implement it. Space guardiansWhile the president seeks the formation of a Space Force and others a Space Corps within the Air Force, there is another option. Anna Gunn-Golkin describes how a “Space Guard” could carry out many functions analogous to the Coast Guard, providing services that go beyond defense. American dominance in space and the Space ForceLast week, President Trump directed the Pentagon to establish a Space Force as a separate branch, even though such an effort requires an act of Congress. Vidvuds Beldavs says the move may spark new worries about the weaponization of space. The populists versus the (rocket) billionairesCommercial spaceflight has benefitted from the roles taken, and investment provided, by a handful of billionaires. However, A.J. Mackenzie uses a recent essay to warn of the the potential of a backlash to their efforts. Review: Into the ExtremeNASA engineers are focused on the technical details of the spacecraft and related systems they develop for human spaceflight. A new book examines that work from a sociological, and academic, perspective. Still waiting on space tourism after all these yearsThis week marks the 14th anniversary of the first suborbital spaceflight by SpaceShipOne, but space tourism, suborbital or orbital, has still failed to take hold. Jeff Foust reports that, despite the delays, some in industry remain confident that the market for commercial human spaceflight will take hold, eventually. Keep dreaming, young lady, keep dreamingIt’s been 35 years since Sally Ride became the first American woman in space, but for decades before her flight women sought to become astronauts only to be turned down. Dwayne Day looks at some historical records to examine the views of allowing women to become astronauts in the early years of the Space Age. Interconnectivity, disruption, and the Event Horizon StudyIt’s often difficult for space industry market forecasts to accurately predict the effects of truly disruptive launch and other technologies. Aaron Oesterle discusses those challenges that are being addressed by an ongoing study by the Space Frontier Foundation and Deloitte. Review: Catching StardustThis summer two spacecraft missions will arrive at asteroids with plans to collect samples for eventual return to Earth. Jeff Foust reviews a book that discusses the importance of asteroid and comet science, including returning samples, while also addressing the threats and opportunities such objects offer. How blockchain technology can track humanity’s lunar heritage sitesOne challenge for future human lunar exploration is keeping track of past exploration sites in order to preserve their heritage. Roy Balleste and Michelle L.D. Hanlon describe how the blockchain can be used to help create a database of those sites to aid in efforts to protect them. Settling into the new jobIt’s been more than a month and a half since Jim Bridenstine was sworn in as NASA administrator, and perceptions about him are already changing. Jeff Foust reports on an interview Bridenstine had with reporters that dealt with topics ranging from his views on climate change to the role of commercial capabilities versus NASA-run programs. The Earth, space settlement, and the hard drive analogyIn a recent interview, Kim Stanley Robinson, author of the Red Mars trilogy about humans living on Mars, dismissed the idea of actual human settlements there or elsewhere beyond Earth. John Strickland takes issue with Robinson’s assessment and argues that establishing a human presence beyond Earth remains critical to civilization’s future. The origin of civilian uses of GPSMany articles today claim that the civilian use of GPS started only after an off-course Korean airliner was shot down by the Soviets in 1983. Richard Easton argues that GPS, from its beginnings long before that incident, planned to have civilian applications. Review: On GravityEveryone is familiar with gravity, but few understand how this fundamental force works. Jeff Foust reviews a short book that seeks to be more advanced that popular books on the subject without becoming a weighty textbook. Bezos and humanity’s future beyond EarthAt the International Space Development Conference last month, Jeff Bezos accepted an award, saved a TV series, and also discussed his vision of humanity living and working in space. Jeff Foust describes the scene that linked the richest man in the world with one of the legendary space visionaries of the 20th century. Space station prestigeLast week China announced it was working with the UN to open its space station to researchers around the world, even as NASA is looking for ways to end its support for the ISS in the mid-2020s; a sign of China’s ascendence at the expense of the US, some claimed. A.J. Mackenzie argues that, in fact, these developments show how relatively unimportant space stations are. Gateway versus tollboothAt the recent International Space Development Conference, NASA officials talked up plans to develop the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway as the next step in human space exploration. Jeff Foust reports that another conference attendee offered an alternative approach to human lunar exploration that has no need for the Gateway. Review: Losing the Nobel PrizeIn 2014, astronomers thought they had detected evidence to support the inflationary model of the Big Bang, only for their results to fall through. Jeff Foust reviews a book from one of the scientists involved in that work that describes those ups and downs, and how the pursuit of the Nobel Prize negatively influenced that and other research. The summer of small launchersSeveral companies developing small launch vehicles plan to perform their first commercial missions, or first launches overall, during the next few months. Jeff Foust provides an update on those companies’ plans and concerns about a “glut” of such vehicles on the market. Does the Gateway make sense?As NASA refines its plans for the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway, or simply the Gateway, some question whether that effort to create a human-tended facility in cislunar space makes sense. Eric Hedman lays out the arguments for and against it. A step towards a “one-stop shop” for commercial space regulationsLast week, President Trump signed his second space policy directive, one addressing commercial space regulatory reform. Jeff Foust reports on what the policy does as a step towards creation of a single office responsible for commercial space issues. Review: Gemini Flies!The Gemini program hasn’t gotten the attention that Mercury or Apollo received, some space enthusiasts argue. Jeff Foust reviews a new book that starts an effort to rectify that with a detailed history of efforts leading up to, and including, the first Gemini mission to carry astronauts. Martian deadlinesCan setting a specific date as a goal for a human Mars mission provide the impetus to make it happen? Jeff Foust examines some perspectives on the issue based on discussion at a recent conference. Sheriff Elon Musk? Who will govern human space habitats, and howIf humans are going to live and work in space, they will need governance models that could differ from how things work on Earth. Eytan Tepper argues that research needs to begin now on what paradigms for space governance would work best for future settlements beyond Earth. WFIRST’s second chanceNASA’s 2019 budget request proposed cancelling WFIRST, the next large astrophysics mission after the James Webb Space Telescope. Jeff Foust reports that things are looking up for the mission, even if it is not out of the woods yet. Review: Bringing Columbia HomeThe search for debris from Columbia 15 years ago was critical to the investigation into the accident, but it was also an intensely personal effort for many of the people involved. Jeff Foust reviews a book co-authored by a shuttle launch manager that describes that work from his point of view, as well as many others involved. SpaceX’s workhorse rocket takes flightFriday marked the successful debut of the Block 5 version of the Falcon 9, which SpaceX says will be the last major upgrade of that rocket. Jeff Foust reports on the changes made to the vehicle to improve its reusability and its reliability, even as the company looks ahead to the BFR. The Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway: an unneeded and costly diversionNASA says development of the Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway is a key stepping-stone to human missions to the surface of the Moon. Gerald Black argues that the gateway is instead a diversion from that goal. The legal and financial challenges of privatizing the International Space StationA proposal by the Trump Administration to end federal funding of the ISS and potentially commercialize it has raised many questions about its feasibility. Kiran Krishnan Nair discusses both the legal obstacles to doing so, as well as the financial challenges involved. Pondering the business case of ferrying customers for suborbital point to pointSpaceX plans to use its BFR vehicle for point-to-point suborbital passenger flights, but does that make economic sense? Sam Dinkin examines the logistical and financial issues for BFR passenger transportation. Review: The Design and Engineering of CuriositySome have described NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover as the most complex machine sent into space. Jeff Foust reviews a book that goes into great technical detail about its complexities, from its development to the operations of the rover and its instruments on the Red Planet. The measure of a man: Evaluating the role of astronauts in the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program (part 3)In mid-1967, the vice president attended a briefing on the Air Force’s Manned Orbiting Laboratory program. Dwayne Day describes that meeting, as recalled by one of the program’s astronauts who attended, as concerns about the cost and effectiveness of the program grew. Seeing shadows of rights: What is the intent of Congress in HR 2809?The House last month passed a commercial space bill that provides a streamlined approach to oversight of commercial space activities. Michael Listner argues that the bill may take liberties with common interpretations of the Outer Space Treaty and whether spaceflight is a fundamental right. How should NASA return to the Moon?NASA’s plans to use commercial lunar lander missions, and to cancel a rover mission under development for several years, attracted criticism in recent weeks from some scientists. Jeff Foust reports on the fate of Resource Prospector, one of the first big issues for new NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine. Engineering Mars commercial rocket propellant production for the Big Falcon Rocket (part 3)In the final part of his study of producing propellant on Mars for SpaceX’s proposed Big Falcon Rocket, Steve Hoeser examines some of the ways to generate the power needed for those propellant production processes. Review: Life on MarsOne of the driving factors in the exploration of Mars has been the research for past or present life there. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines the long history of those efforts, from groundbased telescopes to landers and rovers on the Martian surface, and the many false positives along the way. Space commerce traffic managementChanges in space policy are giving more powers to a small office within the Department of Commerce, the Office of Space Commerce. Jeff Foust reports on how those policy changes are taking shape even as the administration seeks to give space traffic management responsibilities to that office. Engineering Mars commercial rocket propellant production for the Big Falcon Rocket (part 2)In the second part of his engineering study, Steve Hoeser examines various approaches to producing oxygen and methane propellant on Mars and their power requirements. A new era of planetary protectionNASA has long had a “planetary protection officer,” but the agency recently hired a new one as part of a reorganization of that office. Jeff Foust reports on what the new planetary protection officer sees as key issues facing both agency missions to potentially habitable worlds and those by private ventures. Space law 2018: nationalists versus internationalistsThe recent Space Symposium conference included sessions on space law. Dennis O’Brien describes how those sessions illustrated a divide between development of domestic space laws versus implementation of international treaties. Review: Chasing New HorizonsNew Horizons was not just the first spacecraft to fly by Pluto, it was also a triumph for a group of scientists who battled bureaucracies for decades to get the mission launched. Jeff Foust reviews a book co-authored by the mission’s principal investigator that provides the inside story on the mission. The Bridenstine era begins at NASAOn Monday, Jim Bridenstine will be formally sworn in as NASA’s next administrator. Jeff Foust describes the end of the long, contentious confirmation process for Bridenstine, and what it means for the agency now that he’s finally running it. Engineering Mars commercial rocket propellant production for the Big Falcon Rocket (part 1)SpaceX’s plans for round-trip missions to and from Mars using its BFR will require the use of propellants made on Mars for the trip home. In the first of a three-part article, Steve Hoeser discusses potential ways to manufacture methane and oxygen using Martian resources. The challenge of agile launchSmall launch vehicles are proliferating, but can they meet military needs for launching payloads on short notice? Jeff Foust reports on a new competition announced by DARPA to promote responsive launch systems, provided they can overcome regulatory hurdles. Vanguard’s sixty-year spaceflight heritageThe Naval Research Laboratory hosted an event last month to mark the 60th anniversary of the launch of Vanguard 1. Richard Easton discusses how the event traced the launch of that pioneering satellite to modern-day space programs. Review: Dream MissionsThe history of spaceflight has been filled with visions of giant space stations, elaborate Mars expeditions, and massive launch vehicles; dreams that usually fail to become reality. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines those concepts and why they remain dreams to this day. Kneeling before a sovereignSome space companies proposed developing orbital facilities for so-called “sovereign clients,” nations without human spaceflight programs of their own. Dwayne Day discusses how those efforts have suffered delays, just like so many other new space markets proposed over the last few decades. The next era in exoplanet searchesAs NASA’s Kepler mission nears its end, another exoplanet hunter is ready for launch this week. Jeff Foust reports on how the TESS mission will carry on the search for exoplanets, particularly those relatively close to Earth. Space traffic control: technological means and governance implicationsThe growing amount of both operational satellites and space debris has created growing concerns about the risks of collisions and the need for better tracking and coordination. Nayef Al-Rodhan argues that true space traffic management will require new international accords to ensure proper collection and sharing of information. Review: Rocket MenThis year marks the 50th anniversary of the historic Apollo 8 mission. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers a well-written, but familiar, account of that first human journey to lunar orbit. So, what about Mars?With the new direction given to NASA to return humans to the Moon, some wonder what that means for the agency’s former “Journey to Mars” plans. Jeff Foust describes how sending humans to Mars remains a long-term goal, although one with perhaps even less detail than before. On seeing the Earth for the first timeWhat would it be like to finally be able to see the Earth from the outside, as a world floating in the darkness of space? In an essay excerpted from his new book, Christopher Potter discusses those efforts to see the Earth as it truly is, from space. SpaceShipTwo is a step closer to spaceVirgin Galactic’s second SpaceShipTwo made its first powered test flight last week. Jeff Foust reports on that achievement and its implications for both the company and suborbital space tourism. Review: The Earth GazersImages of the Earth from space are commonplace today, but a half-century ago those first views of the Earth as a sphere in the void stunned society. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines imagery from space within the context of a history of spaceflight. A tangled Webb of delaysNASA announced last week it was delaying the launch of its James Webb Space Telescope by another year, to May 2020. Jeff Foust reports on the causes of this latest delay and its implications not just on the program but on astrophysics research in general and on other large NASA programs. Unlicensed swarms in spaceEarlier this year an American company launched several small satellites despite lacking an authorization from the FCC. Ian Christensen discusses what steps industry can take to prevent such events from happening in the future and to avoid restrictive new regulations that could result. Why use lunar propellant?As NASA contemplates roles for its proposed Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway, some argue it should serve as a propellant depot to support future Mars missions. John Strickland examines how much benefit such a depot, using propellant derived from lunar ice, could provide over launching propellant from Earth. Fifty years after the future arrived: the astronauts of 2001: A Space OdysseyOn this 50th anniversary of the premiere of 2001, Dwayne Day examines the movie from the perspective of the actors who played the two astronauts on the Discovery. Review: Space OdysseyFifty years ago today, the film 2001: A Space Odyssey had its world premiere in Washington. Jeff Foust reviews a book that describes in great depth the epic production of this space epic. The measure of a man: Evaluating the role of astronauts in the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program (part 2)As the Manned Orbiting Laboratory took shape in the latter half of the 1960s, the Air Force again revisited the M in MOL. Dwayne Day examines the rationales that studies from that time developed for having astronauts onboard a reconnaissance platform. New vehicles, new companies, and new competition in the launch marketDespite the major impact SpaceX has had on the launch industry, most of the vehicles in commercial service today are little changed from those flying a decade ago. Jeff Foust reports how that will change over the next several years as other companies introduce next-generation launch vehicles and new companies get into the market. Equitable sharing of benefits of space resourcesMuch of the criticism of the Moon Treaty has focused on the interpretation that it requires an international bureaucracy to share space resources with other nations. Vidvuds Beldavs argues that is not how the treaty should be interpreted, and that there are other mechanisms that can comply with the treaty while still supporting commercial space resource applications. Confrontation or cooperation: US-China space relationsAs the United States embarks on new human space exploration plans, it must decide what to do with one of the most intriguing, but also controversial, potential partners: China. Gentoku Toyoma makes the case for the two countries to work together in human spaceflight. Reviews: Rocket Billionaires and The Space BaronsTwo books published simultaneously last week examine the roles that Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk have played in the commercial space industry. Jeff Foust reviews both books and finds they contain insights that will be of interest to both industry insiders and newcomers alike. The measure of a man: Evaluating the role of astronauts in the Manned Orbiting Laboratory program (part 1)A key reason for developing the Manned Orbiting Laboratory during the 1960s was the belief that humans were required to carry out the reconnaissance tasks planned for the station. Dwayne Day describes how Air Force officials, though, found themselves needing to justify that rationale from almost the beginning of the program. A changing shade of BlueBlue Origin has grown significantly in the last few years as it tests its New Shepard suborbital vehicle and prepares to build its New Glenn orbital rocket. Jeff Foust reports on that shift from development and operations, and how the company is seeking to maintain its ability to develop new technologies at the same time. Bombs in orbit? Verification and violation under the Outer Space TreatyWhen does a nuclear weapon in space become a violation of the Outer Space Treaty? Taunton Paine discusses how that was debated a half-century ago and how that issue that may be newly relevant today. A space renaissanceNew policies, technologies, and companies all promise to open a new era of human spaceflight and space exploration. Madhu Thangavelu explains why he believes we’re at the beginning of a renaissance in spaceflight that will ultimately change how we view the Earth. Review: The Planet FactoryAs astronomers continue to discover new exoplanets, they open new questions about how planets, in our solar system and others, take shape. Jeff Foust reviews a book that discusses what we know, and don’t know, about the formation of solar systems. A new focus on exploration worries space technology advocatesOne element of NASA’s 2019 budget proposal seeks to combine the agency’s space technology program with its exploration program. Jeff Foust reports that proposal has sparked concern among supporters of the current space technology program that such a move could jeopardize NASA’s technology development expertise. Our fear of “heritage” imperils our futureThe concept of “common heritage of humankind” can get many people in the space community riled up. Michelle L.D. Hanlon says there’s another way of thinking about “heritage” that offers a more commonsense approach to protecting our history in space. The Secretary of (Space) CommerceEfforts by the National Space Council have given new prominence to the Department of Commerce for the regulation and promotion of the commercial space industry in the United States. Jeff Foust interviews Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross on some of this issues coming out of the latest council meeting. Why the Outer Space Treaty remains valid and relevant in the modern worldSome wonder if the fifty-year-old Outer Space Treaty is no longer relevant in an era where commercial activities are eclipsing government efforts in space. Cristin Finnigan argues that the treaty remains a good foundation for international space law to this day. Review: The Future of HumanityIf humanity is to survive in the long term, argues Michio Kaku, it will need to move beyond Earth. Jeff Foust reviews a book by Kaku that takes a sweeping look at the various technologies and related issues associated with moving into the solar system and beyond. Movements of fire and shadow: The X-23 PRIME reentry vehicle and American satellite reconnaissanceEarly reconnaissance satellites returned their film using canisters caught in midair near Hawaii. Dwayne Day describes how the Air Force and NRO considered a different approach that involved the use of an experimental winged vehicle. Launch CanadaCanada has many impressive space capabilities, but it lacks an ability to launch its own satellites. Jeff Foust reports on discussions at a recent conference where Canadian companies and others discussed efforts to provide launch services, using either imported rockets or vehicles built within the country. Why it’s a bad idea to weaken the Moon TreatySome have suggested ideas to modify the Moon Treaty to make it more amenable to commercial space activities, including space resource extraction. Dennis O’Brien argues that the solutions may be worse than any problem they try to fix. Bartolomeo: the new European challenge for boosting commercial activities on the International Space StationAirbus and ESA concluded an agreement last month to mount a commercial platform on the exterior of the International Space Station. Anne-Sophie Martin discusses the project and how it fits into the legal issues regarding commercial activities on the station. Review: Commercial Uses of Space and Space TourismNew actors and new applications in space also pose new challenges for legal and regulatory structures that date back in some cases half a century. Jeff Foust reviews a book that explores in detail some of the issues involving the growing commercial use of space. Making space regulations great againImproving the regulatory environment for commercial space activities was a theme of the National Space Council’s meeting last week. Jeff Foust reports that while the Council made a number of recommendations for reform, those ideas are not necessarily that novel. Shadow dancing: the Satellite Data SystemStarting in the late 1960s, the NRO and the US Air Force developed of a series of data relay satellites designed primarily to support the NRO’s reconnaissance satellites. Dwayne Day examines the early history of the development of that Satellite Data System, including management conflicts that jeopardized the program in its early years. Launch failures: payload separationThe launch of the classified Zuma payload on a Falcon 9 in January reportedly failed because of a problem with the payload adapter. Wayne Eleazer notes that payload separation issues, while not common, are also not unheard of as a root cause of launch failures. Why technological innovation and increased cooperation regarding space debris are vitalFew would disagree that orbital debris is a major issue for space operations, but there’s less concurrence on how to address the problem. Nayef Al-Rodhan argues that there’s a need for both new technologies to deal with the issue and international cooperation to enable the use of those technologies. Review: Building Habitats on the MoonWith plans announced once again to return humans to the Moon, it’s time to revisit ideas for building habitats there to support those future expeditions. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines many of the technical issues, and some of the non-technical ones, associated with establishing lunar habitats. And all my dreams, torn asunder: The (quiet) collapse of circumlunar tourismLast decade there was discussion of space tourism not just on suborbital spaceflights or trips to the International Space Station, but also around the Moon. Dwayne Day discusses what happened with one company’s efforts for such a mission, as revealed by an ongoing federal court case. Will WFIRST last?NASA’s 2019 budget proposal, released last week, included a number of expected changes, but also one surprise: cancelling WFIRST, the next major astronomy mission after the James Webb Space Telescope. Jeff Foust reports on the evolution of WFIRST over the last several years and why the planned cancellation surprised so many. Maritime tradition can inform policy and law for commercial active debris removalDespite the pressing need to deal with orbital debris in advance of the deployment of new satellite megaconstellations, legal obstacles may dwarf any technical challenges. Al Anzaldua and Michelle Hanlon discuss how an approach from maritime salvage could be applied to orbital debris cleanup. Falcon Heavy will change spaceflight less than you thinkThe successful first launch of SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy earlier this month got many people excited about the ability of the vehicle to revolutionize spaceflight. A.J. Mackenzie argues that the rocket’s impact will not be as great as many enthusiasts believe. Review: Open SpaceGovernment agencies in the US and other countries are making much of the data from their Earth science missions freely available, but that has not always been their approach. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines changing policies regarding the open access to Earth science data amid the ups and downs of commercialization efforts. Falcon Heavy finally takes flightSpaceX’s Falcon Heavy rocket successfully launched last week after years of development delays. Jeff Foust reports on the launch and what the future prospects are for the heavy-lift rocket. And the sky full of stars: American signals intelligence satellites and the Vietnam WarSignals intelligence satellites played a role monitoring Soviet activities during a key event late in the Vietnam War. Dwayne Day describes how that took place and how it marked the changing use of intelligence satellites. SLS: to be or not to be, or to be something else entirelyThe Falcon Heavy launch creates additional scrutiny for NASA’s Space Launch System, which is still years away from a first launch and will cost far more to develop and operate. Dick Eagleson suggests it’s time to redesign the SLS to incorporate reusability and lower costs, or else it faces an eventual cancellation. Why couldn’t NASA do this?The successful test launch of the Falcon Heavy demonstrates, to some, the growing capabilities of the private sector in space compared to agencies like NASA. Mark Wessels argues that it’s time to revisit the roles, and risk acceptance, of NASA and the private sector. Man to mannequin: is this progress?The images of a sports car launched into space on the test flight of a Falcon Heavy last week attracted the attention of people around the world. Ajey Lele, though, sees the event as a demonstration of the lack of progress in spaceflight in the last half-century. Review: Emerging Space MarketsNew space applications, from constellations of broadband satellites to commercial missions to the Moon and Mars, are showing promise in the industry. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers a guide to those emerging markets, but falls short of being a useful resource. How long will the money keep flowing?Venture capitalists and other investors have put billions of dollars into space startups in recent years. Jeff Foust examines if that investment can continue to grow as options for exits for these investors remain limited. Mars atmospheric dust and human explorationDust on Mars, and in the Martian atmosphere, could pose a serious health and safety risk for future astronauts. Joel S. Levine identifies the concerns and the research that needs to be done to better understand the risks before humans can travel to Mars. Orbital ATK, EELV, and the Chinese word for crisisOrbital ATK is preparing to offer a next-generation launch vehicle it is developing to the Air Force. Jeffrey L. Smith discusses the status of that vehicle and how it fits into the broader competitive environment for government launches. Small is big again in space scienceLast week marked the 60th anniversary of the launch of the first American satellite, Explorer 1, which was far smaller than the large science satellites NASA operates today. However, Jeff Foust reports, NASA and others are growing increasingly interested in returning to smaller satellites to complement the science larger spacecraft can conduct. Review: Outer Space LawLegal texts on space topics are either academic treatises or resources for space law practitioners. Michael Listner reviews a book that manages to bridge the two categories. Space, and the stories we tell ourselvesSpace centers often highlight the achievements of space programs, but what responsibility do they have to discuss tragedies and other setbacks? Dwayne Day explores that issue through the lens of exhibits at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex. Eyes no longer on the prizeLast week the X Prize Foundation announced that the Google Lunar X Prize competition will come to an end in March without any team even attempting a launch. Jeff Foust examines the end of the competition and what the teams involved planned to do now that the $20 million grand prize will no longer be available. Revisiting “non-interference zones” in outer spaceWhile countries can’t claim property on the Moon or other bodies, can they offer companies exclusion zones on safety or other rationales? Cody Knipfer examines some of the concepts behind so-called “non-interference zones” and efforts in Congress to enact legislation to enable them. The era of extremely large telescopesThree different projects are underway to build a new generation of very large ground-based telescopes, but each faces its own set of challenges. Jeff Foust reports on the policy challenges facing the Thirty Meter Telescope and the technical challenges of the Giant Magellan Telescope. Review: Ripples in SpacetimeIt’s been nearly two years since scientists announced the first direct detection of gravitational waves, enough time for gravitational wave science to almost become routine. Jeff Foust reviews a book that recounts the efforts to discover such waves and their implications for the future of astronomy. Small rockets are finally taking off, but will the market follow?Over the weekend, Rocket Lab successfully launched its Electron small rocket for the first time, putting three cubesats into orbit. Jeff Foust reports on that milestone launch that puts the company on the vanguard of a rapidly growing part of the space industry, albeit one where the demand for such vehicles remains uncertain. Why the Falcon Heavy should be America's next Moon rocketAs the Falcon Heavy near its first launch, what role can the rocket play in new national policy to return to the Moon? Doug Plata argues that the Falcon Heavy is better suited than the Space Launch System for lunar missions, as part of an architecture that makes use of vehicles from other companies and public private partnerships. Latin America’s space programs: an updateOver the last several years a number of Latin American countries have built and launched satellites. W. Alejandro Sanchez provides an update to a 2012 article on the developments countries in the region are making in terms of satellites and space policy. How to reduce US space expenses through competitive and cooperative approachesThe US seeks to compete with other countries in space in some arenas, and cooperate in others, but how do you decide what approach to take? Takuya Wakimoto offers an analysis of the space policies of the US and other major spacefaring countries to see where the US can benefit best through cooperation. A treatise on the formation of a US Space ForceProposals to create an independent “Space Force” within the US military face, among other obstacles, financial challenges. Roger X. Lenard offers a forward-looking approach to the roles of a future Space Force and how they can help support its operations and commercial activities expand beyond Earth orbit. The mystery of ZumaWe know that a Falcon 9 lifted off last week carrying a classified payload known only as Zuma, but what happened to Zuma, and why, remain a mystery. Jeff Foust reports on what is known, and what is speculated, about the mission, and the implications for SpaceX as it begins a big year. PSLV-C40: A multipurpose missionLast week India launched its Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for the first time since a failure in August. Ajey Lele explains that this mission did more than demonstrate that the problem that caused the failure had been corrected. Simply fix the Moon TreatyThe Moon Treaty, not ratified by major spacefaring nations, has been criticized for its “common heritage of mankind” language. Vidvuds Beldavs argues that modest changes to the treaty could address those concerns while leaving in place a framework for enabling commercial extraction of resources from the Moon and asteroids. NASA has too much on its plate to return to the MoonA space policy directive signed last month directs NASA to return humans to the Moon, but how? Gerald Black argues that NASA can’t afford to do it in traditional ways, and needs to instead work in partnership with the private sector. Review: Spaceport EarthSpaceports are popping up around the United States and elsewhere, far outpacing the demand from commercial launch companies. Jeff Foust reviews a book that attempts to explain why that’s the case by visiting a number of existing and proposed launch sites. Will Space Policy Directive 1 benefit or hinder human missions to Mars?President Trump signed a directive last month amending national space policy to call for a human return to the Moon. Chris Carberry and Rick Zucker argue that this need not be in conflict with plans for human missions to Mars, provided the administration is willing to back its policy with sufficient funding. The coming age of commercial spaceflight: some considerationsAs commercial suborbital vehicles capable of carrying people prepare to enter service, those vehicles offers new opportunities for “ordinary” people to fly into space. John Putman cautions that such opportunities will require people to prepare not just physically but also psychologically. NASA sees the light for the future of space communicationsAs spacecraft become more advanced, and probe more distant parts of the solar system, communications becomes a weak link. Jeff Foust reports on how NASA is working on laser communications technologies for Earth science and planetary missions to dramatically increase data rates. A bittersweet homecoming (part 2)In the concluding part of her interview, Emily Carney talks with Jonathan Ward, co-author of a new book on the Columbia accident investigation, on the recovery effort and comparisons with other NASA human spaceflight accidents. Review: NASA Spaceflight: A History of InnovationInnovation is a key buzzword when it comes to NASA initiatives today, but it’s hardly something new for the agency. Jeff Foust reviews a collection of essays that examines efforts from throughout NASA’s history to attempt innovation, often in cooperation with the private sector. 2018 may (almost) be the year for commercial human suborbital spaceflightAfter years of delays, two companies are edging closer to flights of commercial suborbital vehicles carrying people. Jeff Foust reports on those companies’ progress and the effect they will have on the suborbital research field. Will 2018 be a step forward or a step back for SpaceX?Last year was perhaps the most successful in the history of SpaceX, but what will the company do for an encore in 2018? A.J. Mackenzie argues that the company faces new risks in 2018 with the introduction of new vehicles, among other challenges. Next Christmas in the Kuiper BeltNext New Year’s Day, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft will make a close flyby of a small object, or objects, in the Kuiper Belt. Jeff Foust previews the science, and the technical challenges, of the flyby. Why the US should notify the public of all satellite reentriesA year ago, a classified US satellite reentered over the South Pacific without any advance warning or other notice by US government agencies. Charles Phillips discusses why, for safety’s sake, the government should provide a warning of such reentries without disclosing the satellite’s mission. A bittersweet homecoming (part 1)A new book due out this month chronicles the investigation into the Columbia shuttle accident 15 years ago. In the first of a two-part interview, Emily Carney talks with co-author Jonathan Ward about the development of the book and what he learned about the tragedy. Where, but not how or whenLast week, President Trump signed a space policy directive that formally made a human return to the Moon part of national policy. Jeff Foust reports that, beyond that directive, there are still few details about how and when NASA astronauts will set foot on the Moon. Black ops and the shuttle (part 3-2): The HEXAGON ghost haunting the desert stormThe decision to end the HEXAGON film-collection spysat program, and not use shuttle capabilities to extend its lifetime, had long-term implications for military operations. Dwayne Day describes how nothing has quite replaced what HEXAGON could do. The emerging field of space economics: theoretical and practical considerationsIs it time for a distinct subfield of economics devoted to space? Vidvuds Beldavs and Jeffrey Sommers argue that such studies are required to understand if, and how, a self-sustaining space economy can be created. Liability for space debris collisions and the Kessler Syndrome (part 2)In the concluding part of his examination of orbital debris and space law, Scott Kerr explores some scenarios for orbital debris incidents in orbit, which can lead to conclusions about liability that might defy expectations. Review: ArtemisThe author of The Martian, Andy Weir, is back with a tale set on the Moon. Jeff Foust reviews this hard science fiction novel with a central character different in many respects from Mark Watney, but quite similar in other ways. Black ops and the shuttle (part 3-1): Recovering spent HEXAGON reconnaissance satellites with the space shuttleOne concept quietly studied for military shuttle missions was to recover and refurbish reconnaissance satellites. Dwayne Day examines what’s known about those studies as the national security community moved from film-based to electronic satellites. A bridge to VenusPlanetary scientists who study Venus were disappointed by the outcome of NASA’s latest Discovery competition, but are doing more than placing all their bets on the ongoing New Frontiers program. Jeff Foust reports on how smallsats may provide a new option for sending missions to the planet. “Do we want to get to the Moon or not?” (part 2)In the concluding portion of his history of the decision-making process to get humans to the Moon in the Apollo program, Carl Alessi examines how the debate on the various modes came to a head as John Houbolt lobbied for lunar orbit rendezvous. Liability for space debris collisions and the Kessler Syndrome (part 1)A growing concern for those who operate satellites is potential damage from space debris, and determining who, if anyone, can be held liable for it. In the first of a two-part paper, Scott Kerr examines some of the legal issues on this subject. Review: Visions, Ventures, Escape VelocitiesHow does the symbiotic relationship between spaceflight and science fiction hold up in an era of increasing commercial ventures and new space applications? Jeff foust reviews a book that combines hard science fiction short stories with essays on topics from low Earth orbit commercialization to exploration of exoplanets. Seeking regulatory certainty for new space applicationsCompanies in the US developing “non-traditional” commercial space missions, like lunar landers of satellite servicing, still face regulatory uncertainty. Jeff Foust reports on how companies, and one government agency, believe that uncertainty should be resolved. “Do we want to get to the Moon or not?” (part 1)The approach NASA eventually adopted for landing astronauts on the Moon for the Apollo program makes perfect sense in retrospect, but at the dawn of the Space Age had little support. Carl Alessi, in the first of a two-part article, discusses how one engineer faced an uphill battle to win backing for lunar orbit rendezvous. Establishing a European NewSpace industryLuxembourg hosted the first NewSpace Europe conference last month, bringing together European startups, investors, and government officials. Jeff Foust discusses some of the challenges European startups face in this sector and how they compete against American counterparts. Review: SoonishThere’s no shortage of space technologies that have been proposed as revolutionary for life on Earth and beyond. Jeff Foust review a book that examines some of those technologies, along with those from other fields, that could “improve and/or ruin everything.” Great Britain gets serious about launchDespite the large number of small launch vehicle efforts underway globally, the British space industry sees an opportunity to develop and launch such vehicles from the country. Jeff Foust reports on a recent conference that discussed some of the vehicles under development and efforts by the British government to support them with funding and regulation. International cooperation and competition in space (part 2)In the concluding part of his analysis on the benefits and drawbacks of cooperation and competition in space, Cody Knipfer offers some examples of how such efforts would work on projects ranging from human missions to the Moon to greater engagement with China. A failed company and an uncertain marketEarlier this month XCOR Aerospace filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection, bringing a likely end to the suborbital spaceflight company. Jeff Foust reports on the fall of XCOR and its implications for the suborbital industry. Party of one: why we’re still alone in the universeAstronomers have been scanning the sky for more than half a century to look for signals for alien civilizations, without success. Michael Morgan proposes some reasons why that’s the case in a universe that is likely teeming with life. Review: EnduranceScott Kelly went from someone in danger of flunking out of school to becoming a test pilot, astronaut, and holder of the US record for the longest single space mission. Jeff Foust reviews Kelly’s memoir, which tells his life story as well as goes into detail about his nearly one year on the ISS. International cooperation and competition in space (part 1)When should countries, including the United States, work together with other countries on space projects, and when should they compete against one another? In the first of a two-part examination, Cody Knipfer looks at some of the key factors affecting international cooperation and competition. A landing lifts Dream Chaser’s prospectsEarlier this month, Sierra Nevada Corporation’s Dream Chaser successfully completed its second glide flight, this time with a safe landing. Jeff Foust reports on how the company is confident it can press ahead with the vehicle’s development after this latest test. A giant leap for AmericaAs the US develops plans for a potential human return to the Moon, what’s the best way to get there? Ajay Kothari discusses how reusable vehicles and on-orbit fueling can deliver cargo to the Moon at a fraction of the cost of a conventional heavy-lift rocket. The future challenges related to space activities: towards a new legal framework?The current international legal regime governing spaceflight is struggling to keep up with emerging actors and applications. Anne-Sophie Martin discusses the problem and ways to get those other than countries involved in rulemaking. Review: The Space Shuttle Program: Technologies and AccomplishmentsThe shuttle program may have failed to live up to its cost and flight-rate goals, but it was a versatile vehicle that carried out a wide range of missions. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines those various roles the shuttle played beyond the assembly of the space space station. A tale of two rocketsAn Orbital ATK Antares rocket successfully launched a Cygnus cargo spacecraft on Sunday, the rocket’s first flight in more than a year. Jeff Foust reports on the launch and the challenges that medium-class rocket is facing in the launch market. The Outer Space Treaty and states’ obligation to remove space debris: a US perspectiveIt’s widely believed that cleaning up orbital debris requires new laws or even international treaties. However, Ram S Jakhu and Md Tanveer Ahmad argue that existing laws give the US the authority it needs to remove orbital debris. An open letter to Vice President Pence and the National Space Council on space traffic managementAs the National Space Council starts its work, one topic it will likely address is space traffic management. Three authors, in an open letter to the council and its chairman, suggest establishing a new agency to deal with this issue. The Moon and America’s (and the world’s) defenseSome Mars exploration advocates seen a return to the Moon as an unnecessary detour. Gary Fisher proposes a lunar base that could support future Mars missions and other applications, although in a very unconventional way. Review: Piercing the HorizonThomas Paine served only briefly as NASA administrator, but at a key time for the agency as the Apollo Moon landing approached and the agency was planning its post-Apollo future. Jeff Foust reviews a biography of Paine that traces the arc of his career and his interest in long-term planning. A contentious confirmationThe Senate Commerce Committee held a confirmation hearing last week for Jim Bridenstine’s nomination to become NASA administrator. Jeff Foust reports the long hearing featured a lot of criticism of Bridenstine’s views on a wide range of issues far beyond those directly linked to space policy. “And then on launch day it worked”: Marking the 50th anniversary of the first Saturn V launch (part 2)The concluding part of a book excerpt recounts the successful launch, 50 years ago this week, of the first Saturn V from the Kennedy Space Center. CubeSats are challengingWhile CubeSats are increasingly popular, many satellites that are built and launched don’t function once in orbit. Charles Phillips looks at a few examples of such satellites that malfunctioned to seek common causes. A path to a commercial orbital debris cleanup, power-beaming, and communications utility, using technology development missions at the ISSThe growing population of orbital debris poses a problem for which there are many potential solutions. Four authors present one such solution, taking advantage of the International Space Station as a testbed to demonstrate their approach that has other applications as well. Review: View From AboveMany astronauts have written memoirs about their lives and careers, and some have published books filled with photos they took during their missions. Jeff Foust reviews a book by former astronaut Terry Virts that offers some of both. US space policy, organizational incentives, and orbital debris removalUnited States policy regarding orbital debris has evolved over time, but one issue it has yet to fully deal with is the removal of debris, versus simply limiting its creation. Brian Weeden examines national policy regarding debris and the challenges faced by government and private efforts to remove it from orbit. “And then on launch day it worked”: Marking the 50th anniversary of the first Saturn V launch (part 1)To mark the approaching 50th anniversary of the first launch of the Saturn V rocket, a reprint of part of a chapter of a seminal book on the Apollo program by Charles Murray and Catherine Bly Cox about the preparations for that historic flight. More problems for big space telescopesAfter years of staying on schedule for a 2018 launch, NASA has delayed the James Webb Space Telescope to the spring of 2019. Jeff Foust reports on the issues that led to this delay, as well as challenges facing the next big space telescope after JWST. The trillion-dollar (solar) stormThe threat of massive disruptions to our technology-dependent way of life caused by solar storms is something that has become increasingly clear in recent years. Robert Coker describes how the US government has, so far, done a good job dealing with this complex problem, but with far more to do to be ready to handle a trillion-dollar storm. Review: We Can’t Stop Thinking About The Future“Space Tapestry” is an artwork 200 meters long depicting various aspects of space exploration, with parts of it on display in two British museums. Jeff Foust reviews a book about that artwork, which includes interviews with scientists, engineers, and other involved with spaceflight. Fired up for the engine warsLast week, Blue Origin announced the successful first hotfire test of its BE-4 engine. Jeff Foust reports on this and other developments as several companies work on new large engines for a variety of new vehicles. Luxembourg’s law on space resources rests on a contentious relationship with international frameworkLuxembourg recently enacted a law that, like in the United States, grants rights to space resources to the companies that obtain them. Philip De Man argues that the law, which had to be revised to win passage, might not be aligned with relevant space treaties. Some commentary about the National Space Council’s inaugural meeting (part 2)In the second part of his review of the inaugural meeting of the new National Space Council, Mike Snead examines the session’s civil and commercial space panels, with an emphasis on logistics and safety. Making The Farthest journey: An interview with director Emer ReynoldsThe documentary The Farthest is an elegant story of the Voyager missions to the outer solar system. Emily Carney interviews the film’s director to discuss how it came together. Review: Seeing Our Planet WholeThe ability to observe our planet from space has been transformative for both scientific and cultural reasons. Jeff Foust reviews a book that attempts to take on some of the cultural and ethical aspects of Earth observation. Why should we go? Reevaluating the rationales for human spaceflight in the 21st centuryA perennial struggle for space advocates has been developing rationales for human spaceflight that can be sustained over the long term. Cody Knipfer argues that now is the time to reexamine those arguments, particularly given the rise of commercial human spaceflight. Back to back to the MoonWith a statement by the vice president at the National Space Council meeting, NASA is back in the business of returning humans to the Moon. Jeff Foust reports on what that means for agency plans, including potentially greater roles for international and commercial partners. From Skylab to Shuttle to the SmithsonianWhen NASA transitioned from the Skylab program to the space shuttle, once piece of Skylab hardware almost found new life. Dwayne Day describes studies on adapting instrument hardware for the shuttle, and how that hardware made its way instead to the National Air and Space Museum. Some commentary about the National Space Council’s inaugural meeting (part 1)The first meeting of the National Space Council earlier this month is, to many, a good start for the administration’s focus on space policy. Mike Snead offers some recommendations for the council’s upcoming activities in the first of a two-part report. Virgin Galactic, Richard Branson, and Finding My VirginityIt’s been 13 years since the last suborbital flight of SpaceShipOne, and Virgin Galactic is still at least months away from flying people into space on SpaceShipTwo. Jeff Foust examines what company founder Richard Branson had to say about the company’s progress and setbacks in his new autobiography. Moon, milspace, and beyondLast week the National Space Council held the first meeting since being reestablished earlier this year. Jeff Foust reports on what the council discussed and whether this iteration of the council will be different from its predecessors. The missions proposed for the New Frontiers programNASA will select several finalists this fall in the competition for the next New Frontiers medium-class planetary science mission. Van Kane examines what is known about the dozen proposals submitted for missions from the Moon to Saturn. Sputnik remembered: The first race to space (part 2)In the conclusion of his two-part history of the first satellite, Asif Siddiqi discusses the events leading up to the launch of Sputnik and the aftermath of its successful mission. Estimating the cost of BFRWhen Elon Musk discussed his revised BFR launch system recently, he disclosed few details about its costs. Sam Dinkin estimates the capital costs and operating costs for the BFR for use for Mars or point-to-point Earth flights. Review: Science Advice to NASAThroughout its history, NASA has relied on internal and external advisory groups to help direct its programs. Jeff Foust reviews a new book that offers a detailed history of how such groups shaped NASA’s science programs. Sputnik remembered: The first race to space (part 1)This week marks the 60th anniversary of the launch of Sputnik, an event whose impact has been well-chronicled, even though the details of the event itself are far less known. Asif Siddiqi examines the history of Sputnik’s development in the first of a two-part article. Mars mission sequelsOn the same day last week at the International Astronautical Congress in Australia, SpaceX and Lockheed Martin offered updates to Mars mission architectures unveiled last year. Jeff Foust reports on the changes, and the distinct differences between the two approaches. SpaceX prepares to eat its youngOne of the key messages from Elon Musk’s talk at the International Astronautical Congress was his plan to focus exclusively on his BFR rocket in the future. Dick Eagleson ponders some of the implications of that decision for NASA and other companies. Is India looking towards space-based resources?The United States, Luxembourg, and other nations are interested in developing space-based resources. Peter Garretson and Namrata Goswami examine whether India has similar interests and a willingness to back that interest with policy and law. Blue Origin and Virgin Orbit on the launch rangeSpaceX is not the only company pursuing reusable launch vehicles. Antoine Meunier discusses updates Blue Origin and Virgin Orbit offered at a recent conference about their partially reusable, but very different, launch systems under development. Ghost in the machineA common theme in space missions is that spacecraft are able to do so much with so little computing power on board. Dwayne Day reflects on what happens when the computing power, and intelligence, of those missions shifts from the ground to future, more capable spacecraft. The Outer Space Treaty at 50: An enduring basis for cooperative securityOctober marks the 50th anniversary of the entry into force of the Outer Space Treaty, but some are concerned about its long-term viability. Paul Meyer suggests some diplomatic steps that can be taken to support the treaty. Space looks up down underAs the world’s space community meets in Australia this week for the International Astronautical Congress, the country’s government made news about plans for a national space agency. Jeff Foust reports on the agency and the limited details offered to date about what that agency will, or could, do. Moon or Mars: Why not both?Interest in redirecting NASA’s human spaceflight plans back to the Moon have some worried about another fight breaking out regarding the Moon versus Mars. Chris Carberry, Joe Cassady, and Rick Zucker argue that there’s room for both, using different approaches. Review: Astrophysics for People in a HurryNeil deGrasse Tyson is one of the preeminent science communicators in the world, but what more can he say on well-trodden subjects like astrophysics? Jeff Foust reviews a book where Tyson offers brief overviews of some key topics, while not ignoring the bigger picture. Deterring Chinese and Russian space hybrid warfare by economic and financial meansSome in the US and allied nations are increasingly concerned by apparent efforts by the Chinese and Russian governments to engage in provocative actions that could endanger space assets. Jana Robinson proposes a means by which the US deter those attacks without risking an escalation of space warfare. Back to the Moon, this time for payFor the second time in two months, a company showed off a full-scale model of its commercial lunar lander in Washington last week. Jeff Foust reports this comes as companies, NASA, and politicians examine potential roles such efforts might play in a broader effort to return to the Moon and access its resources. Blue Origin meets ApolloAt this year’s EAA AirVenture show in Wisconsin, the past heroes of spaceflight met the future of space transportation. Eric Hedman describes the appear of Blue Origin’s New Shepard at a show that also features a reunion of Apollo astronauts. Applying lessons from Apollo for a smart space agenda at a time of increased international tensionThe Space Race between the US and USSR provided a means for peaceful competition at a time when the Cold War threatened to turn hot. David Dunlop argues that, today, increased international tensions call for greater cooperation among spacefaring nations. Review: Perspectives in Space SurveillancePrograms to track satellites and other objects in Earth orbit using radars and telescopes can be traced back decades. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines the history, and underlying technology, of some of those efforts operated out of Lincoln Laboratory. It’s time to recover Helo 66A key artifact from the Apollo program is not in a museum but instead on the ocean floor. Dwayne Day discusses the history of a famous helicopter used to recover astronauts from several Apollo missions, and why it’s time to retrieve it from the Pacific. Forming an American Spacefaring Advisory Group to the National Space CouncilThe new National Space Council will include representatives of many government agencies as well as an industry group. Mike Snead says that the council also needs input from citizens to ensure it adopts policies needed to make American a truly spacefaring nation. The past and future of outer solar system explorationAs NASA prepares for the end of the Cassini mission, it also spent time last week marking the 40th anniversary of the launch of the Voyager missions, still operating today. Jeff Foust reports on those looks back at the past, as well as planning for future missions for the outer solar system using new and existing spacecraft. Masters of the dark art: The NRO and the operational level of warAlthough the first satellite was launched nearly 60 years ago, no one has emerged as a key strategist yet about military space operations. Joseph T. Page II argues that, for now, one could learn lessons about the NRO has made use of space over those decades. Review: The Canadian Space ProgramThe Canadian space community is awaiting what new directions, if any, the government might propose for the country’s space program in an upcoming strategy. Jeff Foust reviews a book that looks back at the long history of Canadian space efforts, which involve more than just astronauts and robotic arms. Russia’s evolving rocket plansRussia’s development of new launch vehicles has taken a circuitous path in recent years. Bart Hendrickx provides an update on recent developments, including plans for a new rocket and accelerated development of a heavy-lift launch vehicle. Cassini’s grand finaleNASA’s Cassini mission to Saturn will end later this month with a plunge into the giant planet’s atmosphere. Jeff Foust examines the mission’s final days and what the spacecraft has accomplished since its beginnings three decades ago. Learning to fly againFor the first time in nearly four years, Sierra Nevada Corporation’s Dream Chaser test vehicle took to the skies last week above Edwards Air Force Base. Jeff Foust reports on the flight and the company’s continued hopes to one day fly a crewed version of that spacecraft. Extended human space travel through biolationLong-duration space travel creates human factors requirements that drive up the size,cost, and complexity of interplanetary spacecraft. Steve Hoeser describes how a form of hibernation, dubbed “biolation,” could mitigate those problems. Review: Willy Ley: Prophet of the Space AgeAt the dawn of the Space Age six decades ago, many Americans relied on a German immigrant for information about space travel—and that person wasn’t Wernher von Braun. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers a biography of Willy Ley, whose books and articles were essential reading in the early years of spaceflight. The National Space Council for American leadership in space industriesThe revival of the National Space Council comes at a pivotal time for commercial space efforts in the US and elsewhere. In an open letter to Vice President Mike Pence, Vidvuds Beldavs offers ideas of how the council can support US companies and the broader commercial space industry on some key issues. Hypersonic air-breathing propulsion: The key to affordable nanosatellite launchGetting frequent and affordable access to space for small satellites has long been a challenge for the space industry. Karl Hoose argues that air-breathing propulsion could provide the technological solution to this problem. Working eclipse vacationA total solar eclipse last week attracted both hardcore eclipse chasers as well as more casual tourists to a path that stretched across the US. Jeff Foust recounts a road trip to South Carolina to witness the eclipse in a distinctly American setting. The need for new space-based missile defense systemsMissile tests by North Korea have generated new attention regarding missile defense capabilities and needs in the US. Taylor Dinerman argues that it means, among other things, developing new space-based systems to better track those missiles. Review: The Sky BelowAstronauts are adventurers, but some are more adventurous than others. Jeff Foust reviews a book by a former astronaut who has flown in space and helped repair the International Space Station, in addition to climbing Mount Everest.
Small rockets, new and renewedGrowing interest in small satellites continues to fuel development of small launch vehicles. Jeff Foust reports on two such efforts, one from a company that appeared all but dead several months ago, and another from a company still keeping a low profile. Space exploration as religious experience: Evangelical astronauts and the perception of God’s worldviewA number of astronauts have strong religious views, often enhanced by the experience of spaceflight. Deana L. Weibel examines these views and how they compare with the pessimism about space exploration shared by many evangelicals. Privilege of a lifetimeOne of the highlights of last month’s EAA AirVenture show in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, was a panel discussion involving several Apollo-era astronauts. Eric Hedman recounts what the astronauts said about their missions and their legacy. Review: Hello, Is This Planet Earth?Astronauts on the International Space Station have increasingly become known as photographers, taking and tweeting images of the Earth. Jeff Foust reviews a book by a British astronaut that compiles the images he took during his stint on the station. Why the US must lead againThe new National Space Council will have many options for issues to tackle when it starts its work in the coming weeks. Douglas Loverro argues in an open letter to the council’s incoming executive secretary that it should focus on the policies the US should promote internationally that best serve national needs. CubeSats: faster and cheaper, but are they better?CubeSats have become very popular in recent years as a low-cost platform for many missions, but some have found difficulties using them for certain missions where high reliability is important. Jeff Foust reports on discussions at a recent conference on efforts to improve CubeSat reliability without losing their key benefits. Finding Ender: The utility of tactical decision games for space warfareThe best ideas for military tactics can come not from generals but from junior officers and enlisted personnel. Joseph T. Page II describes how tactical decision games, used elsewhere in the US military, could be applied to space. Building off US law to create an international registry of extraterrestrial mining claimsPassage of space resources laws in the US and Luxembourg have raised questions about whether treaties grant rights for extracted resources to companies or countries. Will Gray argues that those laws can become the basis for an international regime for mining claims off Earth. Review: Making ContactOne of the most important figures in the history of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence has been Jill Tarter. Jeff Foust reviews a new biography of Tarter that traces her influence on both SETI and society. Black ops and the shuttle (part 2): Reconnaissance missions in the space shuttle, from WASP to ZEUSIn the late 1970s, the National Reconnaissance Office examined potential roles the space shuttle could play in launching and servicing reconnaissance satellites, or serving as a reconnaissance platform itself. Dwayne Day examines how declassified documents have shed new light on those plans. The National Space Council gets to workWith an executive secretary selected, the National Space Council will soon be in operation, but what should it be focusing on? Jeff Foust reports from a recent event where a number of past space policy officials offered their views on the council and its priorities. A dim future for the National Space Council?As the reconstituted National Space Council prepares to hold its first meeting, some wonder just what it can accomplish. Roger Handberg argues that fiscal constraints and the rise of military and commercial activities may limit its effectiveness. I’ve died and gone to OshkoshThis year’s EAA AirVenture show in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, had more space-related events than usual. Eric Hedman provides an overview, from the appearance of Blue Origin and Jeff Bezos to an Apollo astronaut reunion. Review: Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space StationsThe International Space Station is the culmination of half a century of space station projects by both the US and the former Soviet Union. Jeff Foust reviews a book that provides a history of those programs, from the cancellation of the Manned Orbiting Laboratory to the completion of the ISS. Pondering the future of the International Space StationAs researchers make increasing use of the International Space Station, some wonder what the long-term fate of the station is. Jeff Foust reports that as NASA studies options for a post-2024 ISS transition plan, commercial users want nearer-term certainty about the station’s future. The stars, my inspirationSpace is often said to be inspirational, but what exactly does that mean? Dwayne Day examines how spaceflight, and space-themed science fiction, can inspire different people in different mediums. Iran’s rocket launch: a need to create a “space” for engagementIran launched a rocket last week that it said was a test of a satellite launch vehicle, but which was condemned in the West as a missile test. Ajey Lele argues that Iran’s growing capabilities present the opportunity for peaceful space cooperation, perhaps as a way to dissuade further missile development. The end of a very long honeymoonIn May, DARPA selected Boeing to develop its Phantom Express vehicle as part of the XS-1 reusable spaceplane project. John Hollaway is unimpressed with this latest effort to try and reduce the cost of getting into space. Cislunar suspense 2: The CynthianingSpaceflight in cislunar space as long been a topic of science fiction and other books. Ken Murphy updates an earlier review of such books with several dozen other novels, from the 1950s to the present day. The Moon is a harsh milestoneThere has been growing interest in carrying out human lunar missions prior to going to Mars, thinking that will be an easier near-term step. Jeff Foust reports that, despite these discussions, governments and companies alike have found it difficult just getting robotic missions there. A summer update on the COPUOS long-term sustainability guidelinesAn ongoing topic of discussion and debate at the international level regarding space is its long-term sustainability. Christopher D. Johnson and Victoria Samson provide an update on those discussions that have played out at United Nations meetings in recent months. Blue “Hubble”: The Manned Orbiting Laboratory as a planetary telescopeCould the Manned Orbiting Laboratory, intended to be a crewed reconnaissance satellite, have also played a role in spacebased astronomy? Joseph T. Page II finds some hints of such an alternative mission in declassified documents. Another view on the problems facing NASA’s Mars Exploration ProgramAdvocates of the robotic exploration of Mars have warned of limited funding and plans for later missions needed to carry out Mars sample return. Louis Friedman argues that the focus on sample return, at the expense of other science, has also hurt the program. Review: Spaceflight in the Shuttle Era and BeyondThe rationales supporting NASA human spaceflight efforts have changed over the decades. Jeff Foust reviews a book that examines changing frameworks for supporting it during the shuttle and station programs, and implications for the future. The future (or lack thereof) of NASA’s Mars Exploration ProgramNASA’s ongoing program for exploring Mars with orbiters and rovers appears, at first glance, to be working well. Jason Callahan and Casey Dreier describe how the program is actually facing serious questions about its future because of funding challenges. A legal look at Elon Musk’s plans to colonize MarsElon Musk unveiled his plans last September for establishing a permanent human presence on Mars, with a focus on the technical issues of getting people to Mars. Michael Listner examines some of the legal obstacles that such an effort would have to overcome. Giving a push for in-space propulsionWith NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission now cancelled, the agency is looking for other ways to demonstrate advanced propulsion technologies like high-power solar electric propulsion. Jeff Foust reports on what concepts NASA is working with industry on that could find eventual use on Mars exploration missions. Creating a spacefaring civilization: What is more important, means or motivation?Those who remember the Apollo program may be disappointed by the lack of progress in human spaceflight in the decades since. Stephen Kostes sees promise in the growing capabilities available today to enable new, sustainable space applications. Review: In the Shadow of the MoonIn a little more than a month a total solar eclipse will take place on a path across the United States. Jeff Foust reviews a book that offers background on the history of eclipse observations as well as some advice for seeing one yourself. In support of a forming a US Space Corps nowThe House is scheduled to take up this week a defense authorization bill that includes language establishing a Space Corps within the US Air Force. Mike Snead discusses why it’s important to establish a Space Corps now, leading to a full-fledged Space Force, to protect national interests in space. Seeking private funding for space scienceAs private space capabilities grow, it opens up new possibilities for doing science missions outside of government agencies. Jeff Foust reports on a recent conference that examined the prospects of, the challenges facing, privately-funded space science missions. The last astronaut class?NASA announced its newest astronaut class last month with a considerable degree of fanfare. A.J. Mackenzie wonders if that was the case because won’t have much need for hiring more astronauts in the years to come. The common burden of “spacemankind”Companies planning space resources ventures, and the countries backing them, are running into conflict with countries who see such resources as belonging to all humanity. Kamil Muzyka explores some possible solutions to this argument that can benefit companies and countries alike. Review: Adventures in Outer SpaceCan a space-themed textbook help students better learn elements of math and science? Steve Rokicki reviews a book that attempts to do just that over the course of a school year. Close encounters of the classified kindA month ago, a classified satellite made a series of close approaches to the International Space Station, sparking questions about whether it was coincidental or intentional. Marco Langbroek examines what is known about USA 276 and why it may have passed so close to the station. At last, a National Space Council. Now what?Last Friday afternoon, President Trump signed the executive order formally creating the National Space Council. Jeff Foust reports that the establishment of the council still leaves many questions unanswered about what it will do and how it will affect space policy. Re-opening the American frontier: Recent Congressional hearings on spaceA Senate committee has held a series of hearings on commercial space policy issues. Peter Garretson offers some recommendations on what Congress should, and should not, do to promote the development of new space markets. Space colonization, faith, and Pascal’s WagerThe idea of space settlement, some have argued, is reminiscent of religion in the idea that it may represent the salvation of humanity. Sylvia Engdahl argues that faith in space colonization isn’t necessarily a bad thing. Review: Chasing SpaceAs difficult as it is for someone to become a professional athlete, being selected as a NASA astronaut is far more difficult. Jeff Foust reviews the memoir of someone who managed to be both drafted by the NFL and selected as a NASA astronaut. Visit the Archive for additional articles. |
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